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NEW ZEALAND 



LOXnOX : PRINTED BY 
SPOTTISWOODE A>'D CO., XEW-STPvEET SQUAR 
A^'^) FARLIAilENT STKEET 



NEW ZEALAND 



BY 



ALEXANDEE KENNEDY 

FORMERLY 

MAXAGKR OF THE UXION BANK OF AUSTRALIA, AT AUCKLAND, NEW ZEALAND, 
AND SUBSEQUENTLY FOR SOME YEARS GENERAL MANAGER AND 
INSPECTOR OF THE BANK OF NEW ZEALAND 



LONDON 

LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO. 
1873 



All rights reserved 



PREFACE 



This woek is written in a faithful spirit, and \Yitli 
the view of making an interesting and highly im- 
portant country better known than it is at present 
to the people of the British Isles ; as well as of 
showing to my numerous friends in that distant 
colony/ my affection for Xew Zealand. 



London: June 2, 1873. 



CONTENTS 



CHAPTER 1. 

PAGB 

Introduction — The physical Formation and geological Character 
of the Islands of New Zealand, including their mineral Wealth 
— Climate — Its beneficial Influence on the Native Race of 
Inhabitants — New Zealand Fauna — The Moa — The Kiwi 
Apterjx — English Birds introduced and acclimatised — Came — • 
Attempts to acclimatise the Salmon — Abundance of Fish in 
the Sea on its Coasts — Disappearance of the Seal in New 
Zealand — Forests — The Gum of the Kauri — The Phormium 
Tenax, or New Zealand Flax — Scarcity of indigenous esculent 
Productions — Tropical Fruits grow in the Northern Part of the 
North Island — English small Fruits grow in Abundance — Grain 
of all Kinds produced in Perfection — Flocks and Herds — New 
Zealand colonised from different Points— System of Govern- 
ment — The Governments of Australia and New Zealand — 
Character of New Zealand Statesmen — Comparative Statement 
of the Debt of England with that of New Zealand —It is to be 
hoped that New Zealand will be guided and directed safely in 
her Destiny towards a great Nation — Immigration — Bona fide 
Settlers — The Aboriginal Inhabitants 3 

CHAPTER 11. 

New Zealand not unknown to the early Portuguese Navigators — 
New Zealand discovered by Tasman, 1642 — Tasman named the 
Point he first sighted Cape Maria Van Diemen — Tasman's Vessels 
anchor in Massacre Bay — Some of Tasman's People murdered by 
the Natives — New Zealand neglected by the Dutch — New Zea- 
land visited by Cook in 1769 — Public opinion in England in 
favour of New Zealand being made a British Colony — Captain 
Cook recommends New South Wales to be made a Settlement for 



VIU 



COXTEXTS 



Convicted Criminals — Penal Settlement founded at Port Jackson 
— The Eev. Samnel Marsden — Adventurers from the Settlement 
at Port Jackson make frequent Trading and Sealing Expeditions 
to Xew Zealand — The 2s ew Zealanders are induced to 'sdsit the 
Engii-li Settlement at Port Jackson — Eev. Mr. Marsden visits 
Xew Zealand — Arrival of the Church of England 3Iissionaries 
in Xew Zealand — !\Iissionary Life in Xew Zealand — The Alis- 
sionaries explored the Country, and acquired important Informa- 
tion respecting the Condition of the Inhabitants, as well as a 
Knowledge of its Natural History — Expeditions into the Interior 
of the Country became fashionable at a subsequent period — The 
Venerable Archdeacon Henry Williams — The .Bishop of Waipu 
— The trading Adventurers establish trading Ports at different 
Places — William IV. gave the Natives a national Elag and ap- 
p jinitd a Commissioner to reside among them — Adventurers 
from all parts of the VTorld flock to New Zealand — Formation of 
the New Zealand Company — Edward Gibbon Vakefield the 
guiding Spirit of the Company — The British Government coerced 
by the Company to assume the Sovereignty of New Zealand — New 
Zealand proclaimed a British Colony — The Erench Governmert 
found a Settlement in New Zealand — Race betwixt England and 
Prance f ^r the Sovereignty of the South Island — Captain Owen 
Stanley, R.N. — The Erench Settlement at Akaroa . . .51 

CHAPTER 111= 

February, 1840 : Governor Hobson resides at the Bay of Islands — 
Character of the Inhabitants of the Settlement at the Bay of 
Islands prior to the ' Treaty of Waitangi ' — Selection of Auckland 
as a Site for the Seat of Government- — Governor Hobson removes 
from the Bay of Islands to AuL-kland — New Zealand erected into 
a separate Colony — Auckland by Royal Proclamation became 
the Capital and Seat of Government for the whole of New Zea- 
land—The New Zealand Company found a Town and Settlement 
at Port Nicholson — The Town of Wellington — The Company 
found two additional Stttlements at Wanganui and Taranaki — 
The Governor appoints Officers to collect the Revenue and ad- 
minister the Laws in all the Coni}:any's ^rttlements— Rivalry 
betwixt the Governm.ent and the Company — April 18, ISil : The 
first Land Sale at Auckland highly favourable — The Old Land 
Claimants dissatisfied — Nelson the first Settlement in the South 
Island founded by the Company — Nelson — The Governor ex- 
tremely anxious to conciliate the Company — Chief Justice and 



CONTEXTS 



ix 



Bishop appointed for Xe^ Zealand — September 10, 1842 : Death 
of Governor Hobson — The Groveroment that known as a 
Crown Colony — Condition of the Colony at the death of &OTernor 
Hobson — PrimitiTe Condition of the Settlement at Auckland — 
Prosperous Condition of the Company's Settlements — •The Con- 
flict with the Natives known as the ' Wairau 3Iassacre ' . .77 

CHAPTER IV, 

Arrival of Captain FitzEoy as Governor — A severe Monetary Crisis 
prevails in the Colony — The Natives get irritated as well as pro- 
voked respecting their Lands — The Governor waives the Crown's 
right of pre-emption over Native Lands — Impolicy of his finan- 
cial Measures— The Settlements in the South petition for his re- 
call — Johnny Heki, a Native Chief, commences the War in the 
North— The Town of Eussell taken and sacked by the Natives — 
Auckland fortified — Small force in the Colony — Lieut. Barclay 
tried by Court-Martial — Condition of Colonial Affairs — Pailure 
of Lieut.-Col.Hulme's Expedition — Skill displayed by the Maories 
in erecting Pahs — Major Wilmot, E.A. — Colonel Despard ap- 
pointed Commander of the Forces — Storming party defeated 
before Heki's Pah at Ohaiawai — Major Macpherson, Lieut. David 
Beattie, Lieut. Philpotts, E.N., and Captain Grant — The Natives 
abandon their Pah — Governor FitzEoy recalled — Mrs. FitzEoy . 97 

CH.1PTEE T. 

Arrival of Sir George Grey as Governor — His capacity for Admin- 
istration — Sketch of his ambitious Career — The Debentures 
issued by Governor FitzEoy taken up by Sir George Grey with 
Imperial Funds — The Governor joins the Head-quarters of the 
Forces in the North — Heki's Pah at Euapeckapecka invested by 
the Troops— Its Fall, and Peace restored — Sir George Grey 
abolishes the System of direct Purchase of Lands from the 
Natives by the Settlers — Character of the Governor at that 
Period — The Governor invites the great Chief Te AVhero "VThero 
to accompany him to the South — Hostilities there of short dura- 
tion — Captain Stanley and Officers of H.M.S. ' Calliope ' — Colonel 
Henderson, E.A. —Peaceful and industrious pursuits of the 
Natives — Lord Grey's first Constitution dissatisfactory — Protest 
against it by Bishop Selwyn and the Church of England Mis- 
sionaries — Governor Grey persuades Lord Grey to suspend the 



X 



COXTEXTS 



introduction of his Constitution — Native Disturbance at Wan- 
ganui suppressed bj Captain Laye — Eapid advance in "Wealth 
and Population throughout the Colony — St. John s College — 
Bishop SelTryn — Bishop Pompallier — The Wesleyans — Eev. Mr. 
Buller — The Scotch — Friendly Eelations between the Colonists 
and Natives — Brief Description how a Tour was made into the 
Interior at that Time — The G-overnor, Captain Grey, created a 
Knight of the Bath — The late Colonel and Captain AYakefield — 
Sir Charles CliflPord, IMr, Stafford, Mr. Fitzherbert, Dr. Feather- 
ston. 3Ir. Fox. Sir David IMunro, Sir Francis Dillon Bell, and 
the late Dr. Martin 127 



CHAPTER I. 



i 



CHAPTEE I. 



Introduction — The physical Formation and geological Chara,cter 
of the Islands of New Zealand, including their mineral Wealth 
— Climate — Its beneficial Influence on the Native Race of 
Inhabitants — New Zealand Fauna — The Moa — The Kiwi 
Apteryx — English Birds introduced and acclimatised — Game — ■ 
Attempts to acclimatise the Salmon — Abundance of Fish in 
the Sea on its Coasts — Disappearance of the Seal in New 
Zealand — Forests — The Gum of the Kauri — The Phormium 
Tenax, or New Zealand Flax — Scarcity of indigenous esculent. 
Productions — Tropical Fruits grow in the Northern Part of the 
North Island — English small Fruits grow in abundance — Grain 
of all Kinds produced in perfection — Flocks and Herds — New 
Zealand colonised from different Points — System of Govern- 
ment — The Goyernments of Australia and New Zealand — 
Character of New Zealand Statesmen — Comparative Statement 
of the Debt of England with that of New Zealand — It is to be 
hoped that New Zealand will be guided and directed safely in 
her Destiny towards a great Nation — Immigration — Bona fide 
Settlers — The Aboriginal Inhabitants. 

I YE^'TUEE to write my reminiscences of New Zealand, 
extending over a period of thirty years, from its 
settlement as a British Colony in the year 1840 
down to the present time. And withont presuming 
to regard the traditions of its prehistoric times as 
altogether fabnlous, I shall confine the recital of 
events within the bounds of authentic evidence, and 
beginning my narrative by relating some particulars 
of Tasman's interesting voyage in the South Pacific 

B 2 



4 



NEW ZEALAND 



Ocean, and his discovery of the country in the year 
1642, slightly sketch its condition from that period 
until the gronp was visited by Cook in 1769. I 
shall briefly trace its early intercourse with the 
adventurers engaged in the whaling, sealing and 
trading expeditions, from the neighbouring English 
settlement founded at Port Jackson in 1788, until 
the first arrival in the country of the Church of Eng- 
land Missionaries in 1814, who sympathised with the 
natives, and nobly supported their claims to freedom 
and independence. And also narrate how the sim- 
plicity of the natives exposed them to be duped in 
their transactions by their more civilised visitors, 
and how they became the prey of the whaling, trad- 
ing and land- jobbing adventurers from all parts of the 
world until the arrival of the New Zealand Company, 
whose gigantic operations aroused the attention and 
precipitated the interference of the Government, 
who then saw the necessity for prompt action, and 
took immediate measures to obtain the consent 
of the natives to proclaim the country a British 
colony. It will be no less my duty to record, in 
a faithful manner, the errors of the Government, who, 
by their injudicious measures towards the natives, 
alienated the allegiance of a simple, loyal and brave 
race, involving the country in civil war, and exposing 
the industrious, peaceful and unprotected colonists 
to all the horrors of a barbarous warfare, resulting in 
a series of defeats mingled with- triumphs, and of 
follies still more humiliating than disasters, without 
a parallel in this age of intelligent practical expe- 
rience in the administration of public affairs. In 
conclusion I shall have the satisfaction of chronicling 
how by a wise, politic and resolute resistance on the 



IXTRODUCTION 



5 



part of the Imperial Government to the demands 
of the colonial authorities peace was restored, 
and prosperity re-established, with every prospect 
of maintaining uninterrupted _the sound and 
permanent welfare of the country, increasing year 
by year in wealth and population, and eventually 
developing at no remote period into a great and 
powerful nation. 

In order to render these reminiscences intelligible 
to the reader, I shall endeavour to give in a very 
brief manner a sketch of the country, as an intro- 
duction to my narrative. 

The famous line ' Et penitus toto divisos orbe 
Britannos ' slightly modified would have been as faith- 
ful a description of New Zealand in the early part of 
the present century, as the original was of Britain 
in the time of Virgil. The remote situation of New 
Zealand, and its separation from the rest of the world, 
as well as the imperfectly understood history of the 
country and its people at this early period, present 
a striking resemblance to the character and condition 
of Britain prior to the time of Caesar's invasion. In 
some respects the islands of the respective countries 
resemble each other. The New Zealand group con- 
sists of two islands, the North and South, with a much 
smaller one called Stewart's, besides numerous scat- 
tered islets, and is the nearest land to the antipodes 
of England ; while its position on the globe, situated 
as it is between 34° and 47° south latitude, and from 
166° to 179° east longitude, is as favourable as the 
position of the British Isles for the development 
and operations of commerce. The extreme length of 
the islands from north to south is nearly 1,200 miles, 
and their breadth varies from 300 miles to about half 



II 



6 



y^W ZEALAND 



a mile at Auckland, altliongli 100 is about the 
average. The Trhole group contains about 70,000,000 
acres, of which the Xorth Island includes about 
30,000,000, the South Island 38,000,000, and 
Stewart's, including islets, 2,000,000 ; forming alto- 
gether an area a little less in extenb than Great 
Britain and Ireland. England is allowed to be the 
centre of the greatest breadth of land on the surface 
of the globe, but Xew Zealand is the centre of a 
boundless waste of waters, and surrounded by the 
greatest extent of ocean in the world. ^ 

On the east the Pacific rolls its billows in an 
unbroken sweep to South America, on the west to 
Australia, while northward and southward it 
stretches away to the Arctic and Antarctic circles. 
From its insular and oceanic position, entirely de- 
pendent on the superiority of its nautical skill and 
enterprise, ISTew Zealand, like England, if destined 
to achieve greatness and become powerful, can only 
do so by means of a like maritime supremacy. The 
advantages of its situation in the centre of the great 
Pacific Ocean can hardly be over-estimated ; on the 
one side, at the distance of 1,000 miles from its 
coasts, lies the great island of Australia, whose 
population in a few years will be numbered in 
millions. On the other side, and within easy access 
of its shores, are the numberless islands of the South 
Seas, with their soft voluptuous climate, primitive 

^ Lieutenant ]\Ianry in liis highly interesting ^rork on the Physical 
Geography of the Sea. menrions that such is the inequality of the dis- 
tribution of land over the surface of the glol^e. that the ^vorld may be 
d:vided into hemispheres, the one consisting of all the land in it except 
Australia and a slip of America, the other containing all the great 
waters, except the Atlantic Ocean. Engl'in i is the centre of the former, 
and Xew Zealand is the nearest land to the centre of the latter. 



IXTEODUCTIOX 



fertility and beauty. This insular region of the 
South Seas, the most beautiful on the globe^, tvlQ in 
a short time come under the commercial sway of 
Xew Zealand, if not into its direct possession ; when 
the remotest isles will be explore'd and cultivated, 
all the arts of busy life introduced, and the re- 
sults of a higher and more enlightened civilisation 
made visible on every shore. 

The precepts of inspired wisdom, the glories of 
artistic genius, and the light of science, travelled 
westward fi^om the regions of the morn : and will 
continue to travel to the uttermost parts of the 
earth, until all shall be enlightened and civilised. 

The shores of the Mediterranean were the ancient 
seats of trade and civilisation ; the Atlantic is now 
the great thoroughfare of nations ; and it appears 
that the smooth waters of the broad Pacific are 
destined to be the future great highway of the 
world. With landscapes as picturesque as those on 
the azure shores of the .^gean Sea, and with 
climates as genial as those of the Cyclades, it may 
be that those wild islands of the South Sea, instead 
of being as they are now, or were lately, the abodes 
of lawless men and roving buccaneers, will be peopled 
by a new and nobler race, living under the beneficent 
laws of Alfred, and speaking the language of Shake- 
speare and Milton ; — a race strong in battle and wise 
in council, distinguished in science and celebrated 
for institutions of human polity and wisdom, and 
whose artistic genius, influenced by the brilliancy 
of the landscape and radiance of the climate, may 
perhaps attempt the loftiest flights, and attain to 
the highest excellence. 

There is a singular variety as well as completeness 



8 



NEW ZEALAKD 



in the physical formation and geological character 
of the country. In its grand mountains, lovely 
valleys, and extensive plains: its landscapes, rivers, 
lakes and streams — New Zealand is an epitome in 
miniature of all the great continents of the world. 

It has its elevated regions wrapped in everlasting 
snows, and glaciers rivalling those of Switzerland.^ 
A chain of mountains extends from the centre of 
the North Island to the southern extremity of 
the Southern, and one peak in this range. Mount 
Cook, is upwards of 13,000 feet high. It abounds in 
pleasant valleys, extensive plains and elevated table- 
lands, as well as rocky wildernesses and barren hills. 
There are dreary and dismal swamps, and tens of 
thousands of acres covered with the jpliormmm tenax^ 
or indigenous flax. In many places there are low 
rolling hills sweeping down to the plains, and long 
stretches of undulating and gloomy fern downs. 
Precipitous and impassable gorges detach some 
districts ; and streams and water-courses intersect 
the country in every direction. 

It has magnificent forests, beautiful copses, ever- 
green plants and flowery thickets, including the 
graceful fern tree and cabbage palm, typical of 
Eastern landscapes and tropical regions. 

There are splendid harbours, noble estuaries, large 
inland lakes, and navigable rivers. The largest 
river, the Waikato, flows through Taupo, a lake 
twenty-five miles long, in a stream differing in 
temperature and colour from the waters of the lake ; 
thus presenting a parallel instance to the Lake of 

* The Swiss glaciers are not found at a lower level than 3000 feet 
above the sea, bat the New Zealand glaciers descend to within 1000 
feet of the sea level. 



ITS PHYSICAL FORMATION AXD CHARACTEE 



9 



Geneva traversed by the Elione ; Loch Tay by the 
river Tay ; and the Sea of Galilee, by the waters of 
the Jordan. 

There are volcanic mountains throwing np fire 
and lava, and numerous geysers in every part of the 
North Island, with hot springs, and warm lakes. 
Beds of coal and limestone are also found in 
numerous places, besides ores of silver, copper, tin, 
and iron. 

There are likewise immense stores of auriferous 
wealthy possessing the advantage of being available 
without exposure to the risks and vicissitudes, and 
the extremes of climate, which prevail in ' Greenland's 
Icy Mountains,' or on ' India's Coral Strand,' the cli- 
mate being superior to that of England. In the rocky 
wildernesses, in the sand on the sea shore, as well as 
tinder the soil of some of the fertile valleys and 
amongst the pebbles deposited on the margin of the 
crystal streams, there are to be found heaps of gold. 
The country has its gold-bearing quartz-reefs, its 
rich alluvial gold-fields, and its golden sand carried 
down by the rivers to the sea, then thrown back by 
the force of the waves, and cast ashore high and dry 
by the rising of every tide.^ 

A temperate climate, in many respects similar to 
that of England although the result of opposite 
influences, prevails in New Zealand. The climate of 
England, from the heat of the great Gulf Stream, is 
rendered warmer by several degrees than it is 
entitled to be from its position on the globe ; while 
the climate of New Zealand, from the vast expanse 

* Since the first discovery of gold in the country in 1852. gold in 
bullion to the value of 26,000,000/. sterling has been exported. 



10 



NEW ZEALAND 



of ocean wHcli surronnds it^ is rendered many de- 
grees colder than it would naturally be from its 
range of latitude. Australia is continental ; New 
Zealand is not only insular, but oceanic, in its 
climate. Steady weather prevails in Australia ; con- 
stant change, showers and sunshine, is tha rule in 
New Zealand. From the extreme length of the 
islands in latitude, a greater range of temperature, 
and a more agreeable variety of climate prevail than 
are experienced in any other country of its size. The 
climate, however, is neither hot nor cold : the heat of 
summer does not scorch, the winter does not pinch 
with cold, and there is no day in the year nor any 
hour of the day when, as regards temperature, 
exercise in the open air is not enjoyable. It is 
seldom warmer in summer than it is in England, 
while the heat is less oppressive, and the nights, 
even in the hottest season, are always cool and 
pleasant. There is little or no winter. In the 
northern part of the North Island the myrtle and 
geraniums bloom unsheltered all the year, and the 
temperature of the winter season seldom falls below 
the range of an English April. The presence of 
winter is only felt by the shorter days and the more 
boisterous breezes whirling in fierce gusts over the 
hills, and sometimes sweeping the plains with tem- 
pestuous violence. In the South during winter the 
tops of the hills are white with snow, and occasion- 
ally the plains are covered, but only for a few hours, 
and except in the more elevated places, amongst the 
perpetual snows and glaciers, extreme cold is not 
experienced in any season throughout the colony. 
Though there is more sunshine in New Zealand than 
in England, as much rain falls in the one country as 



CLIMATE 



11 



in the othei% and visitors from Australia complain of 
the excessive humidity of New Zealand, as the French 
complain of the humidity of the English climate. 
Although as much rain falls, the weather is less 
foggy and cloudy than it is in England ; while the 
constant change and rapid succession of rain and 
sunshine keep the earth cool and the streams 
flowing, the air pure and buoyant^ the pastures fresh, 
and the meadows green. The same influence 
clothes the hills with the richest verdure, and the 
fertile plains with luxuriant vegetation. It is uni- 
versally admitted that the aboriginal inhabitants, 
the Maories, are, mentally and physically, inferior to 
no race in the world — and this circumstance may be 
adduced as proof of the climate being extremely 
favourable to the full development and perfection of 
the human frame and intellect. 

The great longevity attained by many of the 
Maories is to be attributed to their habit of spending 
so great a portion of their lives in the open air of 
such a fine climate. No apprehension need there- 
fore be entertained that the English in future gene- 
rations will become deteriorated mentally or physically 
by continued residence in New Zealand. 

Charles II. said that the climate of England invited 
people to spend more days in the year, and more 
hours of the day, in the open air than that of any 
other country. New Zealand cannot be excelled in 
this respect, for the inducements to remain in the 
open air are there much greater than in England ; 
while the fine weather sports, recreations and 
amusements, induced by the attractions of such a 
climate, and enjoyed by all, are calculated to develop 



12 



as well as maintain in a liigli degree mental and 
physical vigour. 

Tlie comparative table (on opposite page) of climate 
as observed at the different meteorological stations 
in New Zealand during the year 1871, is highly inte- 
resting, as it is an authentic record of the character 
of the clinibite in all parts of the colony. 

Captain Cook in his first visit to New Zealand 
remarked that the country contained few or no 
animals : the native rat, an animal less in size than 
our Hanoverian rat, and a green lizard from four to 
six inches long, being the only quadrupeds observed by 
him ; snakes do not exist, and no traces of them have 
ever been discovered. On his departure Cook left a 
number of animals, and these had increased in a rapid 
manner long before the country became a British 
colony. Since that time the bones of a gigantic wing- 
less bird, the ^Moa/ have been discovered, which must 
have stood ten feet high, and although now extinct was 
in all probability alive in Cook's time. The hahitat 
of the last living Moa, is placed by Maori tradition 
at Punakitiri Turanga, Poverty Bay district, in the 
North Island, where the bird is described, when rest- 
ing, to have stood on one foot with its beak always 
turned towards the quarter whence the wind blew. 
The songs and traditions of the Maories frequently 
refer to the wearing of the feathers of the ' Moa ' by 
queenly damsels, and princely chieftains ; and some 
of the early colonists remember chiefs, whose veracity 
they could not doubt, who assured them that they 
had often seen and admired the beautiful but rare 
feathers of the renowned bird of their ancestors, the 
^Moa.' 

A bird of the same kind still exists, but small in 



51 




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STATIONS 


1 

Mouganui 
Auckland 
Taranaki 
Napier f 
Wellington 

Nelson 

Christchurch 

Bealcy f 

liokitika 

Dunedin 

Southland 



FACTXA 



15 



size (Kiwi apterjx), wliicli is^ however, fast dis- 
appearing. 

This bird, according to Professor Owen, is ' the 
highest representative of the warm-blooded class of 
animals that lived in New Zealand prior to the 
introduction of man. The apteryx is entirely noc- 
turnal in its habits, and searches the ground for its 
food more by smell than by sight ; the olfactory 
openings in its long bill are therefore placed near to 
the point of the beak, in order to enable it to scent 
the worms on which it feeds far below the surface of 
the ground. In shape it resembles no other bird, 
and in size is not larger than a Guinea fowl, while its 
legs are almost as powerful as those of an ostrich. 
The apteryx must not be regarded as an exceptional 
creature, but rather as the remaining type of a much 
larger class of birds peculiar to the islands of ^s'ew 
Zealand which have been destro3^ed since the advent 
of man.' 

Few birds are to be seen in the neighbourhood of 
the European settlements, but numerous waterfowl 
frequent the rivers and lakes of the interior, which 
in some places swarm with wild duck and teal. The 
white crane inhabits remote places, and the saying ^as 
solitary as a white crane,' is a proverb among the 
Maories. The pukeko or swamp hen, as well as the 
weka or wood hen, are numerous and much prized 
by the natives, as they are plump and easily caught. 
In some parts the indigenous quail are plentiful, 
although they are rapidly decreasing, and a land- 
rail, resembling the English one, is found in many 
districts. The New Zealand bittern is similar to 
the English specimen in its habits, size and plumage ; 
and the wood-pigeon, in form, colour and habits, 



16 



NEW ZEAL^^^D 



resembles its English, namesake, a^nd has the same 
soft and low note described by Sir Walter Scott as 
' full of peace, and rest and love.' 

The kaka, a parrot, in form and colour resembling 
the sparrow-hawk, is very common, and is a favourite 
p)et with the Maories. A small owl, tbe morepork, is 
plentiful, and well-known from its peculiar cry. 
There is a daring bird of prey, the ^barrier/ in 
immense numbers, in figure, size- and plumage 
similar to the goshawk, which will often swoop into 
a settler's poultry-yard and seize and carry off its 
prey within a few yards of the owner. Pheasants 
and rabbits are frequently attacked and killed by 
this fierce bird. A kingfisher, in form and colour 
similar to the English bird, is numerous, and in its 
habits of plunder resembles the English magpie, but 
is tolerated on the ground of its being an enemy to 
the grubs and caterpillars. The tui is a handsome 
bird, in form and plumage resembling the English 
blackbird, but having two white feathers projecting 
from, its breast, which, contrasted with its jet-black 
colour, give it a remarkable appearance ; this bird 
is found in great numbers in all parts of the colony, 
and seems partial to the buds and flowers of the 
yellow kowhai, and is often seen on the branches of 
that beautiful tree. 

As a rule, however, the New Zealand birds frequent 
remote places, and are found in the greatest number 
and highest state of perfection in the secluded parts 
of the forests, and their song is only heard at a 
certain hour — ^just at the dawn of day, when the 
home of the settler, in some remote spot, far away 
from the ' busy haunts of man,' is serenaded by a 
numerous band of little choristers '^warbling their 



ENGLISH BIRDS IXTEODUCED 17 



native wood notes Tvild/ including the famons bell 
bird, with, its chimes like tinkling bells, which fall 
upon the ear during the solemn stillness, amidst the 
solitude of the forest, in strains not only extremely 
melodious but heard distinctly on all sides to a great 
distance, and making the neighbouring woods ring 
with its silver-toned notes. 

The Maories, who are distinguished for the habit 
of accurately observmg the facts of nature, have 
remarked that some of the small native birds are 
gradually disappearing, and they allege that those 
birds are in the habit of gathering their food by 
dipping their long tongues into the blossoms of native 
trees, but that since the introduction of bees the 
latter have likewise sought the same blossoms for 
honey, and while concealed in the flower have stung 
the tongues of the birds, and so 'caused their death. 
The natives compare the condition and fate of these 
little birds with themselves, and observe, that while 
unconscious of the dangers introduced by civilisation 
they are exposed to its pit-falls, and become its 
victims, and, in the same manner as the birds, are 
themselves gradually disappearing. These remarks, 
highly interesting and instructive as displaying 
intelligence on the part of the Maories, are at the same 
time tinged with a shade of natural sadness, induced 
by the perception that such a noble and intelligent 
aboriginal race are, in this manner, rapidly passing 
away. 

Since Xew Zealand became a British colony, the 
blackbird, starling and many of the English small 
birds, as well as rooks, have been introduced into the 
various provinces, and it is to be hoped they will 
thrive and do well, as the native insectivorous birds 

c 



18 



XEW ZEALAiSD 



are very limited in number. Tlie tlirusli and sky- 
lark should be imported as they excel all other birds 
as songsters, and are characteristic denizens of our 
English rural landscapes. Bees were early intro- 
duced, and has^e spread all over the country, and the 
home of the settler is supplied in abundance with 
honey from the wild bees of the forest, which in 
many places swarms with them.. 

Game of various kinds have been acclimatised ; 
about twenty-five years since the English pheasant 
was introduced by an early colonist, Mr. Walter 
Brodie, on his property at Monganui and soon spread 
over all the northern district ; and some eighteen 
years ago the Chinese pheasant was imported by 
Mr. Thomas Henderson, an Auckland merchant, and 
placed on his estate in the neighbourhood of Auck- 
land, and these have increased so rapidly that 
pheasants are now as plentiful within a radius of 
fifty miles of Auckland as they are in any part of 
England. Many attempts have been made to accli- 
matise the English partridge, but with small success ; 
this partial failure is not, however, to be attributed, as 
alleged by many, to the absence of fields of stubble 
and turnips, but simply to the fact that the English 
partridge is exceptional in its habits, and does not ap- 
pear to thrive anywhere so well as in the British Isles. 

Swans, black and white, have lately been introduced, 
and are to be seen in a wild state on the lakes and 
lagoons of the interior, and seem to be increasing 
rapidly. Eed and fallow deer are easily acclimatised, 
and are now found in some places m great numbers. 

The hare, however, appears less at home in New 
Zealand than might have been expected, and in- 
creases in numbers slowly. This is to be regretted. 



ACCLDLlTISATIOy OF SALMON 



19 



as I am inclined to say witii Martial^ ' Inter qnadrii- 
pedes gloria prima lepus/ Eabbits^ however, mnltiplv 
and increase in sucli a manner as to be considered a 
nuisance ratlier tlian a benefit. 

TVitliin the last few years great zeal has been mani- 
fested, and a large amount of money expended, in 
attempts to introduce and acclimatise the salmon in 
the rivers of Xew Zealand; but, as yet, without success, 
although many believe that such an operation is prac- 
ticable. Judging, however, from the character of the 
streams, a favoui^able result of such experimental mea- 
sures seems to me hopeless. Few, if any, of the rivers, 
with the exception perhaps of the ]\Iataura, taketheir 
course through the geological formation which distin- 
guishes the salmon river or stream.^ A peculiar feature 
of many, if not of all the rivers of Xew Zealand, is, that 
they are comparatively destitute of fish beyond the 
point reached or aff'ected by the tide. It would 
therefore appear from this circumstance that the 
water possesses some mineral or other c[ualities un- 
favourable to piscatory life. 

Fish in any quantity are seldom found in the 
streams and rivers of the interior at a distance from 
the sea ; - such being the character of the rivers, little 

* The Hon. Grantley F. Berkeley is a high authority in such matters, 
and he says, ' All that has been done, or that man can do, will never 
make the Stour a salmon river. It is too slow, too chalky, too muddy, 
and too weedy, ever to entice to its depths and shoals enough salmon 
to give ten fish in a season to forty miles of water.' The Tay is, par 
excellence, a salmon river, but even there, such is the delicate nature of 
the fish, it is said that only one egg out of a thousand yields a salmon 
to the table. 

- The extraordinary number of eels found, not only in all rivers and 
streams, but in swamps and wherever there is moisture in Zs ew Zealand, 

c 2 



20 



XETV ZEALAXD 



liope can be entertained that tlie experiments now 
on trial for introducing salmon into the rirers of 
New Zealand will prove successful. 

The habitation of the salmon appears to be con- 
fined to the northern regions of the globe. It is found 
in the greatest perfection in the British Isles^ and 
in some ]3arts of the continent of Europe ; it exists in 
Canada^ British Columbia, California, and in some of 
the rivers of China ; but it has not been found south 
of the equator. It is however alleged, that it has 
been acclimatised in Tasmania, hi the Derwent ; but if 
such report be true, success will only be temporary, as 
such forced productions are ' ultra leges naturge ^ and 
never permanent. They die out ; ' Man can only 
assist nature, she will not be forced.' 

The common salmon, the ' salar,' the best known 
and the most delicate, will not endure a high tempe- 
rature, either in rivers or in the ocean ; but there is 
an inferior variety, the sahno liuclio^ found in the 
rivers of the Mediterranean, and said to exist on the 
coasts of Australia, and this variety may also • be 
found on the coasts of New Zealand. 

But while the absence of fish is a marked feature 
of the rivers of the interior of New Zealand, the sea 
on its coasts abounds with them ; and the harbours, 
as well as the numerous bays and estuaries which 
in some places almost intersect the country, literally 
swarm with fishes of choice variety and delicious 
quality. Oysters also are found in the greatest 
abundance. The establishment of fisheries wiU soon 

may have some influence in diminishing the number of fishes in the 
rivers and streams, as eels are notorious for plundering and eating the 
spawn of all kinds of fish. 



FORESTS 



21 



attract attention^ and will reward the labour of tliose 
who are enterprising enough to engage in it. 

Whaling stations, or shore fisheries, were at an 
early period established on the coasts and estuaries, 
and they were formerly a source of great wealth ; but 
for many years, from the indiscriminate slaughter of 
both the dam and young whales, the produce of oil 
and bone from such sources has been extremely 
limited, and, in consequence, shore fisheries have been 
nearly abandoned. In Cook's Strait, and especially 
towards the southern extremity of the South Island, 
seals were found at an early period in immense 
numbers ; but since these districts were settled, the 
seal appears to have been nearly exterminated, and 
has almost entirely disappeared. 

The forests of Xew Zealand are magnificent, and 
the traveller, in his tour through the country, from 
some elevated spot in his journey often observes a 
sea of dense forest verdure, covering the hills and 
valleys and stretching boundlessly away on every side ; 
the foliage diversified with every tint and shade of 
colour which the everlasting evergreen is capable of 
displaying : the dark green and glossy leaves of the 
karaka tree contrastinof with the lio^hter shade and 
fairer aspect of the yellow kowhai ; and the unvarying 
hue of the unfading evergreen is occasionally relieved 
by the luxuriant scarlet flowers that are grouped in 
clusters amongst the green and silvery foliage which 
bedecks the crooked stems and broad branches of the 
magnificent pohutukawa ; while here and there ap- 
pears some noble tree conspicuous for its great 
height and size, having its lofty branches gathered 
together high in the air, and elevated far above the 
level of the surrounding forest scenery, like the feudal 



22 



XEW ZEALAND 



castle of some proud baron of the middle ages over- 
looking its sylvan domain. This vast and boundless 
landscape of tree and foliage is distinguished for its 
sublimity and beauty^ as well as for an aspect of pro- 
found repose often prevailing in these woodland 
solitudes^ at times so calm that not a leaf is stir- 
ring. 

Occasionally, however, when the wind blows, and 
the increasing gale freshens into tempest, sweeping 
the hills and valleys, and bursts with fury on the un- 
protected forests, then this scene of tranquillity and 
repose is changed into uproar and tumult ; and the 
sea of verdure, lately so serene and placid, is now seen 
in wild commotion, waving and agitated like the sur- 
face of a lake in a storm, while the sound of the rush- 
ino' wind, niino^ed with the crash and roar of falling: 
trees, resembles the peals of distant thunder. 

In some places the evergreen trees are interwoven 
and matted together with wild vines and supple-jack 
in such a manner as to present the appearance of a 
wall of forest verdure ; and the thickets of shrubs and 
wild flowers are so dense in some j)arts as to be alto- 
gether impenetrable. 

The beauty of the ornamental trees and shrubs 
cannot be excelled, and their name is legion ; they are 
all evergreen, and many of them in season are covered 
with flowers, but these gems are seldom seen, except 
by a few people, as they are yet only found in the 
forests and copses. Xo IplWU or pleasure ground 
should, however, be viewed as complete without the 
red and yellow kowhai, the XDohutukawa, karaka, 
fern tree, cabbage palm, and phormium tenax, which 
is a beautiful plant in bloom. These trees and plants 
cannot be surpassed for beauty or variety in any 



KAVRl GUM 



23 



country. The forest trees are of infinite variety, 
many of them growing to a great lieiglit, producing 
timber of excellent quality, well adapted for ship- 
building and house architecture as well as supplying 
the best material for furniture and cabinet work- 
manship. The chief timber trees are coniferous, but 
there is only one true pine among them, the (Dammara 
australis) kauri, the monarch of the New Zealand 
forests, growing in some instances nearly 200 feet 
high. Before modern science had introduced metal 
masts in ship -building, the kauri spars of New 
Zealand were in great demand for the British Navy. 
The timber trade of the colony, especially in the pro- 
vince of Auckland, is still, however, of immense and 
growing importance, affording employment to a large 
population, and maintaining a numerous fleet of small 
coasting vessels. 

Formerly immense forests of kauri (Dammara 
australis) covered the greatest portion ^of the nor- 
thern part of the North Island, which in the course 
of time have been to a great extent destroyed by fire, 
or liave disappeared from natural decay, while the 
resia or gum of the trees in these forests is alleged, 
as tie trees have been consumed or have decayed from 
period to period, to have sunk and become buried 
in :he ground under the vegetation of successive 
ages, where it has remained, and is now dug up in 
large quantities. This material has become an 
important article of trade, and for some years has 
been in great demand as a varnish, and is esteemed 
almost equal in value to copal, extreme fine quality 
fetching as much as 120Z. to 150Z. per ton in the 
London market. For many years the kauri gum 
trade has been one of the most considerable and 



24 



XEW ZEALAND 



prosperous of tlie local industries in the norths and 
as a source of wealtu little inferior to a gold field. 
A large native population are employed in digging 
gum^ who are, from their indigenous habits, pur- 
suits, and local knowledge, very expert in perceiving 
where this hidden wealth is to be obtained, and 
are more dexterous than the colonists in raising 
it out of the ground. A royalty of 21. per ton is 
frequently given for permission to dig for gum 
on private property, and large tracts of land, of 
a very inferior description as to quality of soil, 
are now rendered valuable from the quantity of gum 
which they are supposed to contain. The quantity 
taken out of the ground in many places is so great 
as to appear almost incredible, and some of the speci- 
mens are beautifully transparent, and in colour 
like amber. Except to a very limited extent in 
making small ornaments, the gum at present is not 
used for any purpose in the colony, and is only valu- 
able as an article of export. The quantity exported 
from time to time, for so many years, is so large to 
create an impression of mystery about it, and the 
Maories, who are fond of the marvellous, nan^ate 
that the sap or gum of the kauri is produced in such 
abundance that it descends annually in a liquid slate 
under the bark of the healthy living tree, and 
escaping through the roots is lodged in the earth, 
where it soon undergoes a change, and is by the 
action of the cold condensed into gum. In this way 
the Maories assert that a continual supply of gum is in 
progress of formation, which can never be exhausted 
until the forests cease to exist. This Maori theory 
as to the large quantity and source of the gum, is 



THE PHOEMIOI TEX.IX 



25 



confirmed by m^nj of the European woodsmen of 
experience engaged in tlie timber and gum trade ; 
but altbongli it is maintained as correct by plain 
practical people, I am not aware that it is sup- 
ported by men of science. Dr. Hector, the Govern- 
ment geologist, whose opinions on such matters are 
entitled'to weight, thinks that the gnm is the produce 
of forests of a remote and former age, and is not the 
gum of the kauri. 

According to the Maori theory, the kauri forests 
of New Zealand wonld be of immense value. It is no 
exao^oferation to state that there are five millions of 
i|4^auri trees growing in a healthy condition, and each 
tree on an average would produce annually two 
pounds weight of gum, which would be 5,000 tons 
collectively, and valued at 50Z. per ton would amount 
to 250,000/. — without any cost of labour or invest- 
ment of capital on the part of the colonists, and 
without in any way exhausting the source whence 
such almost boundless wealth is derived. 

The phormium tenax is the plant which furnishes 
the New Zealand flax, so remarkable for the 
strength or tenacity of fibre. In this respect it 
excels all other vegetable productions of the kind.^ 
The flax of this plant has been in universal use 
among the natives from time immemorial, and was 
formerly regarderl by them with a feeling bordering 
on veneration, as it was the only indigenous produc- 

^ The tenacity of several kinds of woody fibres as contrasted with 
silk, is given as follows by De Candolle, 'Physiological,' vol. ii. p. 956 : 



Silk supports a weight of 34 

New Zealand Flax „ . . . . . 23f 

Common Hemp ,, ..... 16^ 

Common Flax „ 11 J 

Pita Flax „ 7 



26 



NEW ZEALAND 



tion available for clotliing for tliem; as well 
as being adapted for every liousebold purpose, and 
of daily use in every occupation. They were there- 
fore constantly employed, especially the women, 
in making it into ropes, sails, cables, fishing nets, 
and tackle, as well as rugs, mats, satchels, &c., &c. 

Some of the mats and satchels are beautiful, and 
soft and glossy as silk. It is an indigenous plant, 
and peculiar to New Zealand ; it seems adapted for 
every description of soil, either moist or dry, as it 
thrives on the tops of hills, as well as low down in 
the valleys, and looks fresh and vigorous even in 
swamps — growing in the sand, growing everywhere, 
is this hardy, vigorous flax. In every ]3art of the 
country it is found in abundance, and of all our 
colonial productions, it can, in the shortest time, 
and with the least employment of capital and labour, 
be converted not only into an article of immediate 
and universal domestic use, but as a commodity of 
export. 

It is equally adapted to the condition of the 
humble and industrious settler, with his fifty or one 
hundred pounds, as it is to the capitalist with his 
ten thousand. As the supply of the raw material 
is inexhaustible, and the demand for the manufac- 
tured article fortunately likewise unlimited, no 
danger is to be apprehended of overstocking the 
market ; and as daily experience proves that the 
price and demand will increase with the quantity 
and quality produced, it will therefore continue to 
increase in quantity and improve in quality from 
year to year, until eventually it will form a source 
of no end of wealth. 

The Parliamentary papers give the following as 



THE PHOEMIOI TESAX 



27 



the returns shoTving the progressiye export of flax 
(' pliormium tenax ^) : In 1865 only 15 bales were 
exported; in 1869 the nnmber of bales was 12^162; 
in 1870, 32^820^ the value of which is estimated at 
132,578^. 

Flax farms will in a short time become as fashion- 
able and attractive as sheep-walks in the colony, 
and as the occupation of superintending a flax 
plantation and manufactory is not only pleasant and 
agreeable, but highly profitable, a large amount of 
capital will be invested in the trade ; while at the 
same time healthy employment will be furnished for 
a numerous population. Xo other local industry is 
calculated to raise the country into wealth and im- 
portance in so rapid a manner as the cultivation, 
manufacture, and export of flax. 

The phormium tenax when in bloom is beautiful, 
and highly ornamental to a lawn or pleasure-ground, 
and indeed to any landscape. At first sight it might 
be taken for a very large and flourishing Fleur-de-lis, 
as in appearance it resembles that favourite and well- 
known plant. The saccharine fluid obtained from the 
flowers is much prized by the natives, who, in travel- 
ling, have frequent recourse to it in order to soothe 
their spirits, as well as quench their thirst. In some 
situations it grows as a bush upwards of seven feet 
high, and twenty feet in circumference, with nume- 
rous sword-shaped leaves ; the Maories, as well as 
the colonists, when employed in the fields or on a 
journey, if overtaken by a shower or squall, take to 
the cover of a flax- bush for shelter. 

Captain Cook has narrated in his interestitig 
sketch of the country, that he found a scarcity of 



28 



XETT ZEALAXD 



indigenous esculent productions ; only three kinds 
were cultivated in liis time, viz.^ the kumera, or sweet 
potato ; the taro ; and a species of gourd, the hue ; 
but neither fruit nor grain of any kind was observed 
by him. Before his departure, on his second visit 
in 1773, he gave some potatoes to the natives, and 
showed them how they should be planted, and when 
he revisited the country in 1777, he found the 
quality greatly improved, from the change of soil 
and climate. On his departure he left a variety of 
vegetable seeds, which grew and increased rapidly, 
and, before the arrival of the missionaries, vegetables 
of various kinds were found growing in many places, 
the produce of the seeds left by Cook. 

In the sheltered spots towards the northern extre- 
mity of the North Island some tropical fruits are 
produced in the open air, and the orange, pine-apple, 
and banana, although not ripening to perfection, 
are yet grown and arrive at some maturity ; while 
peaches, figs, and melons, not only grow unsheltered, 
but are produced in the greatest abundance, and in 
the highest perfection. The gra23e grows well, and, 
with a little more experience in vine-growing, every 
settler may have his vineyard, and, in reality, may 
sit under his own vine and his own fig-tree. The 
apple, pear, and plum grow as well as in any part 
of Europe or America, while the cherry and straw- 
berry are as fine as they are in England. 

In the south the currant, raspberry and goose- 
berry as well as all fruits of that description, thrive 
and do well ; vegetables of all sorts grow in the 
greatest abundance: celery, caulifloAver, peas, aspara- 
gus, lettuce, artichokes, and potatoes are brought 
eveiy morning to market, and nothing is wanting 



FLOCXS AMD HERDS 29 

of tliis kind. Tlie kumera or sweet potato is grown 
only by the Maories^ but is highly esteemed by both 
races, while tropical fruits of every description are 
obtained from the neighbouring islands of the South 
Seas : the orange, pine-apple, and banana appear 
daily for sale in our markets, all the year round. 

The favourite flowers of England, the rose, honey- 
suckle, mignonette, daffodil, lavender, marigold, and 
foxglove appear in the greatest luxuriance, and 
such ornamental trees and shrubs as the weeping 
willow, laburnum, Ipcuristina, hawthorn, bay tree, 
cypress and walnut, are to be seen in perfection, 
while the oak, the ash, and the holly and ivy, grow 
as well as they do in Old England. 

The African or Cape oak and a particular kind of 
the English elm are the best description of decidu- 
ous trees for lawns and pleasure-grounds, as they 
become in a few years, from rapid growth, very 
handsome and ornamental. 

The soil and climate are extremely favourable for 
the production of all kinds of grain and cereals ; 
wheat, barley and oats are not only grown to any 
extent as to quantity, but are of the finest cjuality. 
In the northern part of the North Island maize 
grows abundantly, and in perfection ; the beet is 
unrivalled, and even the tobacco of I^s'ew Zealand 
is by no means inferior, and when greater experience 
is acquired in the method of preparing it for the 
market, it will become an important article of 
colonial production. 

Before New Zealand became a British colony, the 
missionaries and traders had imported sheep and 
cattle, and the quality of the wool grown in the 
country was highly appreciated, resembling in its 



30 



XEW ZEALAND 



texture and lengtli of staple the finer class of 
Grerman wools^ vrliile the weight of fleece was equal 
to, if not greater, than the average clip grown from 
the same class of sheep in Australia. In the early 
days of the Government settlements in the north, the 
colonists imported and reared sheep as much for 
the production of mutton, as for the growth of wool ; 
but in the south, from the comparatively more open 
character of the country, and the abundance of 
indigenous pastures, large flocks were introduced ex- 
pressly for the growth of wool ; towards the close of 
the year 1846, sheep began to be imported largely 
from Australia by Sir Charles Cliff'ord amongst 
others, who for many years subsequently was the 
largest and most successful wool-grower in the colony. 
In the first instance, such pastoral pursuits were con- 
fined to the southern portion of the IN'orth Island ; 
but as one settlement after another was founded in 
the southern, it soon surpassed the northern not 
only as a pastoral country but in the production of 
grain, at least in quantity if not in quality. The 
rapid increase of sheep, and growth of wool, in all 
parts of the colony, north as well as south, are truly 
marvellous. The wool exported in 1860 amounted in 
weight to 6,665,880 lbs., which had increased in 1870* 
to 37,774,493 lbs.; in the year 1858, the total number 
of sheep in the colony was 1,500,000 ; while in 1871 
they had increased to upAvards of 9,700,000; and 
one gentleman alone, Mr. Campbell, is now the 
owner of flocks numbering 500,000. Many colonists 
are in possession of the fee simple of fi'om 20,000 to 
50,000 acres of land, besides holding squatting 
leases of territory, amounting in some instances to 
500,000 acres. The cattle, which in the year 1858 



WEALTH AXD RESOUECES 



31 



amounted in ronncl numbers to 13 7,000. liad in- 
creased in 1871 to upwards of 436,000 ; the number 
of horses, Tvhich in 1858 was only 14,000. had risen 
to over 81,000 in 1871. 

The total population, European and native, is now 
about 300,000, while the total number of sheep can- 
not be estimated at less than upwards of 10,000,000, 
or at the rate of thirty-three to every man, woman, 
and child in the colony. In Great Britain and 
Ireland, the proportion of the number of sheep to 
the population will not exceed one and a quarter to 
each inhabitant. But it is not only by its capacity 
for feeding sheep, and growing wool, that New 
Zealand is distinguished. It possesses likewise a 
fertile soil and genial climate, capable of maintain- 
ing and supporting a dense population as numerous 
as that of the British Isles, while its latent resources, 
in mines of gold, silver, coj)per, iron and coal, as well 
as the abundance of its indigenous and exotic 
productions, as yet only partially developed, render 
it, in the materials of wealth, and elements of 
prosperity, equal to any country in the world. 

Value of imports, 1870, 4,639,015^; exports, 1870, 
4,822,756L 

The principal exports (1870) are : — 



Gold 


. £2,163,910 


Barley 


£21,526 


Wool 


1,703.941 


Butter and cheese 


22.322 


Gum, Kauri . 


175,074 


Sawn-timber, logs, &c. 


18,323 


Flax 


132,578 


Sheep 


16.459 


Tallow . 


75,583 


Meats, preserved 


14,108 


Wheat . 


71,851 


Silver 


11,380 


Oats 


44,195 


Oil ... . 


10,749 



Immediately after New Zealand became a British 
colony, numerous settlements were formed at remote 



32 



XE\Y ZEAL.\XD 



and distant points : in the nortli by the Government, 
in the south hj the New Zealand Company, and sub- 
sequently by the Otago and Canterbury Associations. 
Consequently, when constitutional government was 
introduced in 1853, these remote and distant settle- 
ments were erected into provinces, possessing extensive 
powers of self-government, with administrative and 
executive functions, and, allowing for the condition of 
the different ages, bore some resemblance to the 
' Saxon Heptarchy/ 

This system of government was therefore isolated 
and fragmentary. A gulf, or a belt of almost impass- 
able country, intervening and separating one settle- 
ment from another, all communication between the 
neighbouring provinces was thus rendered difficult 
and tedious ; and often also unsafe, from the line of 
route being intersected by numerous deep and rapid- 
running streams. Such a system of government under 
the circumstances was not only necessary, but well 
adapted for developing the resom-ces of the country 
at that early period, although entailing a large ex- 
penditure from its duplicate character — colonial and 
provincial, that is, central and local — in each province. 

There are eight provinces, besides the county of 
Westland ; and the local affairs of each are managed 
by a superintendent, with a provincial council. The 
population appears from the census of 1872 to be as 
follows : 



I 



SYSTEM OF GOVERXMEOT 



33 





European Natire 


Toral 




Auckland Province 


. 64,337 


23,j27 


87.564 




Taranaki . . 


4,599 


2.355 


6,954 




Wellington ,, . . 


. 25,015 


5,322 


30,337 




Hawke's Bay . . 






9.314 




Total for Xorth. Island 


100.163 


34.006 




134.169 


Nelson Province 


. 23,U62 


483 


23,545 




Marlborough . . 


5,3S1 


369 


5,753 




Canterbury „ 


. 48,906 


607 


49,513 




Ota2;o 


. 73,956 


826 


74.782 




Westland County 


. 15,381 


68 


15.449 




Total for South Island 


. 166,689 


2,353 




169.042 


Totals for the Colony . 


. 266,852 


36,359 




3U3.211 


As the provinces 


are well 


represented 


in the 



General Assembly, a federal or provincial party has 
grown np and become formidable. It includes 
some men of weight, who control and modify the 
measures of the Government by their votes and 
influence, thereby rendering it expedient, as part of 
the j)olicy of every Ministry, either to divide and rule 
this party, or conciliate their support and influence 
by introducing measures granting them large supplies 
and subsidies. Under such a system, there is the 
danger to be apprehended that the colony may sink 
under the petty rule of a succession of small provin- 
cial men, whose object is to make the federal system 
perpetual, as no Ministry could stand a fortnight, 
^vithout submitting^ to their demands. The oTeat 
question therefore which agitates and distracts the 
colony at the present time, is, whether the federal 
or national system of government is to prevail. 

But since safe, easy and rapid communication by sea 
and land has been established, and the entire colony 
intersected by telegraph-lines from one extremity 
to the other, and as the whole extent of territory is 

J) 



34 



XETV ZEALAND 



less tlian that of the United Eiiigdom and Ireland, an 
impression now prevails that the colony has ontgrown 
the age of the ' Saxon Heptarchy ; ^ and that this 
system of government, having done its work, should 
now rest from its labours, and a system of administra- 
tion more in harmony with the spirit of the age take 
its place. Two provinces, it is alleged, one consisting 
of the ISTorth, and the other of the Soath Island, in- 
stead of the nine at present existing, would be ample 
for all provincial administration, while tlie governor- 
in-chief could still remain at Wellington with his 
staff of oflScials, to guide and direct the affairs of the 
colony, and the General Assembly could meet there 
every year. 

In Australia, the English principle of centralisa- 
tion, or unity of government for each colony, is the 
fundamental rule. In Xew Zealand the American 
element of provincial or State governments in 
addition to the central has been introduced. The 
two systems may therefore be said to be on trial 
in Australia and New Zealand, Geographical posi- 
tion, combined with extent of territory, has force 
and influence in determining the system best adapted 
for securing the future welfare, as well as that 
harmony of action necessary for the good govern- 
ment of the respective countries. Australia, in 
territorial extent, is vast and continental ; New 
Zealand limited and insular. The federation of the 
Australian colonies into something like the United 
States of America, or the Dominion of Canada, will 
undoubtedly be the legitimate and natural result. 
But New Zealand, like England, from inevitable 
circumstances must remain for ever a separate, dis- 
tinct, and independent nation. While from the 



COLOXIAL DEBT 



35 



limited extent of its territoiy, tlie federal or provin- 
cial governments, as population increases and 
facilities of communication are multiplied, will, like 
the ' Saxon Heptarchy,' gradually dis.appear, and be 
replaced by local administrations, similar to the 
borough municipalities and county governments of 
England. 

Some of the Xew Zealand statesmen and leading 
men in party politics are possessed of considerable 
abilities, but their talents are more precocious than 
mature^, and they are more remarkable for their 
success as parliamentary tacticians than distin- 
guished for sagacity and sound statesmanlike views. 
Consequently, the result has been achieved that a 
debt of 10,000,000?. sterling already overweights the 
colony; and in the race for distinction among the 
group of Australasian colonies, ISTew Zealand is 
heavily handicapped. Now, although this amount 
of debt is a heavy burden, it is not o\^erwhelming with 
an annual revenue of 1,000,000Z. sterling, increasing 
every year ; still, it is a heavy tax on the resoru-ces 
and energies of 266,000 colonists, however prosperous, 
elastic and youthful they may be. 

The formation of railroads in the colony is without 
doubt a legitimate undertaking on the part of the 
Government, so long as the debt is kept within 
reasonable and safe limits, but it ceases to be so 
when such objects can only be accomplished at the 
risk of involving the colony in debt to an amount 
beyond its financial powers. 

England has a debt of 792,000,000?., with annual 
interest to pay of 26,800,000?., imposing a liability 
on the inhabitants of 24?. per head for the debt, with 
an annual assessment of 16s. per head for interest ; 

a 2 



36 



XSW ZEALAXD 



while New Zealand has a debt of 10,000,000/. (with a 
few millions more in perspective), and annual interest 
to pay of 600,000?., subjecting the colonists to a 
liability of 371, per head for the debt, with an annual 
assessment of 21. os. per head for interest. Taking 
the population of Great Britain and Ireland at 
32,000,000, and the revenue at 75,000,000?., we find 
a taxation levied upon the inhabitants of 21. 7s. per 
head ; but Kew Zealand, with its 266,000 colonists 
and 1,000,000/. sterling of revenue, exhibits a burden 
of taxation exacted from the colonists of 3/. 17s. 6cL 
per head, or 50 per cent, greater than is borne in 
England, while the local rates of the new colony 
keep pace with those in the old country. Moreover, 
the New Zealand debt weighs more heavily upon the 
colony than the National Debt upon England, because 
the interest in the one case is payable out of the 
colony, while in the other it is simply a transfer of a 
balance from one account to another, and although a 
debt at the Treasuiy it is a credit to the country. 
This financial condition of the colony, although not 
of a character to create alarm, is yet such as to excite 
reasonable apprehensions for its future welfare, as 
the system of borrowing large sums every year will 
inevitably impair its credit, and subject the colonists to 
a load of taxation, if not oppressive, at least sufiicient 
to retard the progressive prosperity of the country. 

It may, however, be hoped that some New Zea- 
land Cavour or Bismarck will arise, gifted with 
ability and resolution, as well as possessed of the 
jDOwer, to roll up the New Zealand federation of 
provinces, unite and exalt them into a nation, and 
likewise gather together its fragmentary andrope-of- 
sand governments into a practical, economical and 



DLMICtKATIOX 



37 



united system of administration, controlling its 
financial aftaii's vritliin reasonable and safe limits, as 
well as guiding its destinies, so that it may become a 
prosperous, great and powerful country. 

During the last fifteen years, emigration from the 
British Isles to Xew Zealand, under Government 
administration, has gradually declined, and the diffi- 
culties experienced in obtaining a good class of 
peoj)le to emigrate are increasing every year. The 
present system of emigration to that colony appears 
to have exhausted itself, and the plan introduced 
some twenty-five or thirty years since is now found 
to be unsuitable to the altered condition of the 
labouring and emigrating population of the mother 
country. The intelligence, condition and aspirations 
of the labouring people of the United Kingdom have, 
during the last quarter of a century, made great pro- 
gress, and are still advancing rapidly, while the Xew 
Zealand system of emigration has remained station- 
ary, and has failed in its object simply because it is 
not in harmony with the spirit of the age. A new 
system must therefore be introduced more in unison 
with the existino^ state of thino^s, or emio-ration from 
the British Isles to that colony on a scale worthy of 
consideration must cease altogether. As an example 
of the.advanced state of the labouring population, take 
the improved condition of the British Infantry soldier 
of the present day. He receives board, lodging, 
clothes, education and medical attendance gratis, with 
a shilling a day in hard money as pay, besides a certain 
prospect of promotion, as well as a pension, if steady, 
orderly and well conducted. This is without doubt 
a comfortable provision for a young man belonging 
to the class of unskilled artisans, and many would 



38 



XEW ZEALAXD 



j)refer sucli sure and substantial comforts to the risks 
^nd vicissitudes incidental to the lot of an emigrant 
in a far distant colony. The plan of borrowing large 
funds^ in order to force or stimulate emigration by 
providing passages for emigrants to ISTew Zealand of 
an inferior class, without any tie or hold on them to 
remain in that country after their arrival, is now 
considered to be injudicious, and from experience 
found to be a delusion. The people of that class, 
from the great attractions of the numerous gold fields 
in all the Australasian colonies, as well as from the 
excitement produced as new fields are developed, and 
adventures of various kinds introduced, have become 
to a great extent a floating population, constantly 
roaming from colony to colony, without any fixed 
home, allured from one place to another by every 
fresh gold discovery, or hurrying where the highest 
wages for a time prevail. 

The great distance of New Zealand from the mother 
country is by many deemed so objectionable that 
intelligent and self-reliant men will not separate 
themselves from the ties of friends and countrj^^ and 
go there to be merely servants and labourers to other 
people. They say, if we go to that distant country, 
we must be our own masters, to secure a home, cul- 
tivate our own land, and to toil for ourselves, and not 
for others. 

The struggle between capital and labour has ex- 
tended even to New Zealand, and the only way to 
secure a respectable and successful stream of emigra- 
tion to its shores is to make residence there sulfi- 
cienily attractive. A large portion of the waste 
lands of the colony are worth, on an average, from 
ten to twenty shillings an acrCj but the value of these 



BIMIGEATIOX 



39 



lands Tvould be enhanced tenfold by tlie introduction 
of a respectable, industrious and settled population, 
and the only method of securing such a class of 
people is by establishing the free grant system of 
land. This system is less expensive than the existing 
arrangements for promoting emigration, and far more 
effective. The cost of the large staff, employed at 
present — consisting of commissioners, oflScials, and 
the numerous agents in England and in the colony — 
at an enormous expense, would be saved, as vrell as the 
necessitv of borrowing^ laro-e funds for emio^ration 
expenditure. Under a judicious free grant system in 
land, with every alternate section of 100 acres open for 
selection, a large territory would rapidly be peopled, 
and the resei'ved sections would, from the enhanced 
value accjuired by the neighbouring lots being peopled 
and cultivated, be actually of far greater value than 
the whole without population, or unsubdued to the 
uses of man. In this manner a large population of a 
superior class would in a very short time be introduced 
without borrowing: larg-e funds, or maintainino' a 
large and expensive staff, while the grand principle 
of colonisation would be achieved, of not parting 
with the land without peopling it. The class of men 
who would be induced to emigrate on such terms 
would be those who had risen by industry and perse- 
verance to be small capitalists, or who had become so 
by inheritance. Such a class of men, self-reliant 
and enterprising, are the right sort for a country like 
New Zealand, and would be available as good work- 
men in the harvest and sheep-shearing periods. 

Under the present system of emigration, large funds 
have been borrowed and expended, and the fee simple 
of large territories has been aJienated and accpired 



40 



XEW ZEALAND 



by a few people, at a price seldom higher than five 
shillings per acre, without achieving the object of 
legitimate colonisation — that is, without profiting the 
country. This is the evil to be apprehended from the 
present system, which is at variance with sound 
principles of administration of colonial lands, and 
injurious to the country. The maladministration of 
colonial lands is a great evil, conspicuous in many of 
the provinces of New Zealand; and the love for 
grasping territory, so characteristic of our race, has 
assumed there formidable dimensions. This inju- 
dicious system was greatly encouraged by a previous 
governor during his regime, and all the available 
land in the province of Nelson was in his time 
alienated and acquired by a few people, and thus 
a permanent injury was inflicted on that fertile and 
beautiful district. 

The territorial extent of New Zealand is limited 
when compared with the colonies in Australia, and 
although its superficial area is nearly as large as the 
colony of Victoria, the extent of its available land for 
settlement is comparatively much less than in that 
highly favoured colony. 

Under such circumstances — in all measures sug- 
gested, for the administration of its colonial lands, 
the maxim founded on experience, of not parting 
with the land without peopling it, ought to be 
strictly observed. 

A sketch of New Zealand, however brief, would be 
imperfect without some description of the character 
and condition of the aboriginal inhabitants, as they 
occupy a very interesting and important pla.ce in the 
history of the countrj\ 

The aboriginal inhabitants of New Zealand are 



ABORIGIXAL IXHABIT^IXTS 



41 



eviclentlj of Malay extraction, but in tliis instance 
the original type of this race has been modified and 
improved physically and mentally by the fine 
and bracing climate of that country. The ilaories 
invariably narrate that the race from which they 
are descended arrived in Xew Zealand about oOO 
years ago from the Eawaian or Sandv^ich Islands, 
and this tradition is corroborated by such an array 
of circumstances as to justify us in accepting it as 
an authentic historical event. The Hawaian or 
Sandwich Islands are distant 3,900 miles from ISew 
Zealand, but the aboriginal inhabitants of the two 
island groups at the present day are similar in race, 
language and character. People who have made the 
voyage from New Zealand to those islands have ob- 
served that the winds, nearly all the year round, pre- 
vail in a direction extremely favourable for making a 
passage from thence to New Zealand. It appears 
highly probable, however, that the Maories did not 
emigrate from choice, but from necessity, and were 
from time to time either defeated by enemies or 
driven away from their homes by storms and tempests 
beyond the hope of returning. Many of the native 
canoes are large enough to contain forty or fifty people, 
and as these islanders never go to sea unprovided 
with cooking apparatus and fuel, as well as fishing 
tackle, they could therefore, in making the voyage in 
fine weather, provide themselves with food by fishing 
from day to day. Under such circumstances, a voyage 
from Hawaii to New Zealand, in the comparatively 
smooth waters of the Pacific Ocean, is not only pos- 
sible but quite practicable.* 

* Captain Bligh was cast adrift in an open boat with nineteen men 
by the mutineers of the 'Bountj*,' and reached Java, a distance of 4,000 



42 



XEW ZEALAND 



Two distinct types of race are to be found among 
tlie Maories. The great majority are, however, of 
the comparatively fair-skinned and straight-haired 
Polynesian stock inhabiting the Hawaian group, 
Tahiti, Marquesas, Tonga Isles and Navigator 
Islands. These islands, as well as New Zealand, are 
all of volcanic formation, and the inhabitants similar 
in race, language and character, and have been for 
some time distinguished as Polynesians ; while the 
Maories of the other type are small in size, few in 
number, and not often seen in New Zealand, but 
in lineage belong to the black curlj^-haired and dark- 
skinned Papuan stock, which has become in some 
way amalgamated with the former, especially in the 
islands bordering on the Papuan group, and these, 
by waj" of distinction, have recentlj^ been designated 
Melanesians. There is a Maori tradition that a 
race similar to the Melanesians were partly in pos- 
session of New Zealand prior to the period of the 
Hawaian immigration, but that, being an inferior 
people, they were easily dispossessed or partially ex- 
terminated on the arrival of the more powerful 
Polynesians, who are intellectually and physically 
the finest aboriginal race in the South Sea Islands. 

From the period of Cook's visits, the aboriginal 
New Zealanders, or Maories, as they call themselves, 
have been viewed as a savage and barbai'ous race, 
and appear to have lived in a state of constant and 
ferocious tribal warfare. From this cause, their 
numberg from that time seem to have decreased, 
especially after the introduction of fire-arms ; and 

miles from where lie had beeu deported. Such a voyage could not 
have beeu acconiplished in au open boat in auj other sea than the 
Pacific. 



ABOPJGIXAL IXHABITAXTS 



43 



when K"ew Zealand became a British, colony, the 
aborioines could not at the hio^hest estimate have 
exceeded in number 100,000. 

The appearance of a New Zealand chief is prepos- 
sessing. Endowed with a tall figure, athletic and 
powerful, an open unembarrassed demeanour, and 
gifted with a superior and vigorous intellect, he 
might Avell be viewed, when attired in his native 
costume, as the representative of freedom and inde- 
pendence. The intelligence displayed by the Maories 
in general, respecting the history and condition of 
their country, indicates habits of observation and 
reflection altogether unusual and unexpected in a 
savage nation. From tradition they possess a per- 
fect knowledge of the important events, distin- 
guished characters, and remarkable exploits con- 
nected with their race since their arrival in Xew 
Zealand about 500 years ago. A Maori will nar- 
rate his pedigree in an unbroken line from genera- 
tion to generation in the genuine spirit of heraldry, 
and will recite the achievements of his ancestors 
with a strong feeling of nationality. In the practi- 
cal knowledge of natural history they are no less 
proficient. Every mountain, valley and river, as 
well as every tree, plant and flower, has a descrip- 
tive name ; the birds of the air, the fishes of the sea, 
and the beasts of the field, have all characteristic 
appellations, while the habits and distinguishing 
peculiarities of each are described with precision. 
On such subjects a Maori will converse with as much 
intelligence and familiarity as the educated gentle- 
man of a civilised country. The gift of fluent 
speech is not denied to them, and they will sit in 
groups round their evening camp fires^ discussing 



44 



XEW ZEALAND 



tlie events of the day with, delight and aniuiation ; 
and their chiefs and orators, when interested in any 
important question, will address an assembly for an 
hour or two, and debate every point under considera- 
tion in an eloquent and excited manner. Prior to 
our settlement in the country they had no written 
language, but the rapidity and almost intuitive 
manner in which their vigorous and active minds 
grasped the elementa,ry principles necessary in 
using our alphabet, with the view of expressing 
their thoughts and recording their traditions in 
writing, were quite marvellous. In a very short time 
the great majority of them learned to read and 
write their own language. Nevertheless, they are 
still in the condition of a people whose minds are 
shaded with ignorance, and enveloped in the twi- 
light of superstition, as well as swayed by the 
' phantasmagoria ^ of powerful imagination. Every 
hill is therefore invested with mysterj^, and has its 
legend ; every river its traditional story, and every 
woodland its haunted spirit. 

All who have travelled and lived among them can, 
nowever, testify from experience that they have 
always found them, whether in the forests, in their 
canoes, or around their evening camp fires, not only 
faithful allies but intelligent companions. 

The Maories assert that all their local and 
tribal wars have originated about women and land. 
The women, however, are too often reduced to the 
condition of ' hewers of wood and drawers of water,' 
and in many instances their appearance indicates 
the hardships which they have experienced ; but 
some of the daughters of the chiefs are handsome 
and beautiful, with small delicate hands and feet, and 



ABOEIGIXAL IXILiEITAXTS 



45 



complexions only a shade darker than the womeu of 
the south of EurojDe. Except those of the highest 
rank, the women as a rule are, howeyer, subjected to 
incessant and harassing toil ; and among the ilaories 
there is that disposition to throw on the weaker sex 
the heayiest part of manual labour which is the 
characteristic of sayages. 

Although we may smile at the Maori king 
moyement, it originated in a noble and natui^al 
desire, and was an expiring effort, not to throw 
off the supremacy of England, but to unite and 
maintain their race. As the poor Maories could not 
fail to obserye that the colonists were busily eno-ao-ed 
in the administration of their own affairs, from 
which they were entirely excluded, and in their own 
beloyed land, where they formerly held undisputed 
sway, and were viewed as an alien and inferior class, it 
was therefore hardly to be expected that the natives, 
intelligent, brave and high spirited, would remain 
satisfied with such a neglected and degraded con- 
dition. After mature reflection, they, not without 
reasonable and justifiable claims, resolved to imitate 
the colonists and have a government of their own, 
in order to preserve their race from utter extinction, 
and their lands from being altogether lost and 
irrevocably alienated. The object was laudable and 
worthy of encouragement, and advantage might have 
been taken of this desire for self-government to 
guide and direct its course into legitimate channels, 
leading to practical measures and satisfactory re- 
sults. 

A number of them now hold seats in the General 
Assembly, and have therefore a voice in the govern- 
ment of the country ; and on a late occasion they 



46 



SEW ZEALAXD 



contributed by tlieir votes to turn out of office, on a 
motion of want of confidence, a Ministry whom tliey 
considered hostile to their race. Two of them, lately 
introduced into the Cabinet, aid the Ministry by 
expressing their views on all important questions in 
the regulation, of native affairs. They are perhaps 
not gifted as we are in diplomacy, but if the peace, 
prosperity and good government of the country can 
be secured in this manner, it is a simple and 
peaceful achievement. In every "War Office list of the 
British army that is now published, there are to be 
found the names of several Maori chiefs among the 
officers of the colonial forces. They are still the 
largest owners of territory in the country, and in the 
Napier district they have leased their grass-lands to 
the squatters at a rental of 26,000^. a-year. 

The simple facts that the natives of New Zealand, 
during the last ten years, often resisted successfully 
our forces in the battle-field, and by the votes of their 
representatives in the Assembly have now turned a 
Government out of office, are very interesting. They 
will no doubt view it as something like retributive 
justice, that the chief of that political party which 
began the Great War in 1860 without a casus belli 
was defeated by their votes in the Assembly in 1872. 

This is a practical and peaceful solution of the 
problem, after so much fighting and so great a 
sacrifice in blood and treasure for so many years, as 
well as a great triumph in the cause of civilisation 
and humanity. 

There are no reasonable grounds for concluding 
that the Maories living in peace with the English 
colonists, and in harmony ^ith the operation of 



ABOEIGIXAL IXIIABIT.IXTS 



47 



natural laws, are inevitably a doomed race, althongli 
tliev are apparently fast passing ayray, and, from their 
reduced numbers, haye already ceased to be formi- 
dable. Many of tbe chiefs, as well as most of the 
young men, the flower of the Maori popuhition, some 
of them noble fellows, were cut off during the Great 
War which they had the spmt and endurance to 
maintain for ten years against British troops in 
overwhelming numbers, equipped with all the weapons 
which modern science could suofofest, and althouq-h 
conquered they were never entirely subdued. But 
irrespective of the calamities of war, which decimated 
them year by year, other circumstances have likewise 
contributed to accelerate their decay ; and a death- 
rate among them out of all proj>ortion when com- 
pared with the births has been unmistakably re- 
vealed by the census returns. 

At the settlement of the country as a British colony 
in the year 1840, the native population, according to 
the best information, was estimated at 100,000 ; but 
allow them at that period to have been only 80^000. 
The first census was taken in the year 1856, when 
their number was found to be 53,700; and they are 
now reduced, as appears from the last census in 1872^ 
to 36,359. In a few years, decreasing at this rate^ 
unless some ameliorating influences suspend this 
wearing away^ they will disappear altogether, and the 
fair territory which they owned and ruled will con- 
tain few, if any, of them, and the land that once knew 
them shall know them no more. 

Great efforts are now, however, made by themselves 
as well as by the Government to improve their condi- 
tion and arrest their decay, and it is to be hoped that 



48 



NEW ZEALAND 



under tlie present system of admmistering native 
affairs^ snch. attempts may be successful, and the 
loyal, brave and intelligent Maori race, so intimately 
associated and identified witli many of the im- 
portant events in the history of the country, may not 
only be perpetuated but numerically increased, and 
continue to be an integral portion of the population 
of ISTew Zealand ; while the sympathy and considera- 
tion which, we have manifested for the influences 
which have shaped and shaded their character and 
condition, as well as the regard entertained for the 
circumstances which united their destiny to ours, 
are highly honourable to British justice and 
humanity. 



CHAPTER 11. 



E 



DISCOVERY OF XE"\Y ZEALAND BY TA,SM.\^' 51 



CHAPTEE II. 

New Zealand not unknown to tlie early Portuguese Xavigators — 
New Zealand discovered by Tasman, 1642 — Tasman named the 
Point lie first sighted Cape Maria Van Diemen — Tasman's 
Vessels anchor in Massacre Bay — Some of Tasman's People 
murdered by the Natives — New Zealand neglected by the 
Dutch — New Zealand visited by Cook in 1769 — Public opinion 
in England in favour of New Zealand being made a British. 
Colony — Captain Cook recommends New South Wales to be 
made a Settlement for Convicted Criminals — Penal Settlement 
founded at Port Jackson — The Rev. Samuel Marsden — Adven- 
turers from the Settlement at Port Jackson make frequent 
Trading and Sealing Expeditions to New Zealand — The New 
Zealandera are induced to visit the English Settlement at Port 
Jackson — Piev. Mr. Marsden visits New Zealand — Arrival of 
the Church of England Missionaries in New Zealand — Mission- 
ary Life in New Zealand — The Missionaries explored the 
Country, and acquired important Information respecting the 
Condition of the Inhabitants, as well as a Ivnowledge of its 
Natural History — Expeditions into the Interior of the Country 
became fashionable at a subsequent period — The Venerable 
Archdeacon Henry Williams — The Bishop of Waipu — The 
trading Adventurers establish trading Ports at different places — 
William IV. gave the Natives a national Flag and appointed a 
Commissioner to reside among them — Adventurers from all 
parts of the World flock to New Zealand — Formation of the 
New Zealand Company — Edward Gibbon Wakefield the 
guiding Spirit of the Company — The British Government 
coerced by the Company to assume the sovereignty of New 
Zealand — New Zealand proclaimed a British Colony — The 
French Government found a Settlement in New Zealand — 
Pace betwixt England and France for the sovereignty of the 
South Island — Captain Owen Stanley, P.N. — The French 
Settlement at Akaroa. 

E 2 



52 



KEW ZEALAXD 



Theee is an obscure tradition, and likewise frasr- 
mentar J evidence still existing, which go far towards 
establishing the belief that New Zealand was not 
unknown to the early Portnguese navigators, prior to 
the period of its generally reputed discovery. But as 
far as authentic history extends, nothing was known 
respecting this group of islands until their discovery 
by Captain Abel Janssen Tasman about the middle 
of the seventeenth century. Tasman was a bold and 
adventurous Dutch sailor, and had been appointed to 
the command of a squadron despatched on a voyage 
of discovery to the South Pacific Ocean, at that time 
an unknown and unexplored region. 

This expedition was projected and equipped by 
Antonio Van Diemen, the Dutch Governor of Java, 
who appears to have been offended with Tasman for 
presuming, without his knowledge or authority, to 
have fallen in love with his daughter, the beautiful 
Maria Van Diemen, and resorted to this method of 
deportation in order to exile him from the country 
which he governed, as well as to break off the 
attachment existing between him and his daughter. 
He sailed from Batavia in the year 1642 ; and as the 
vessels selected for the expedition were designedly 
old and shattered, he was regarded as a devoted 
man, bound on some dark and desj)erate enterprise, 
and his return from such a voyage was neither 
intended nor expected. Tasman, however, seems to 
have possessed both skill and enterprise as a navi- 
gator, and not only distinguished himself by the 
importance of his discoveries, but, overcoming all the 
difficulties and dangers to which he was exposed, had 
the good fortune to return in safety, to describe the 
particulars of his voyage, narrate his adventures and 



TASMAX IX MASSACEE BAY 



58 



to claim the hand of the lady for whose sake he had 
perilled his life, fame and fortunes. 

We are told that he discovered in this voyage the 
three islands situated to the north of New Zealand , 
called the ' Three Kings/ and gave them their name 
' Drei Konig ; ^ and when he arrived in sight of the 
mainland at the northern extremity of the North 
Island, like a dutiful son of the Church and a gallant 
Dutchman, 

' He sighed a sigh, and lie prayed a prayer ; 

The prayer was to his patron saint, but the sigh was for a lady fair,' 

and he named the land he first sighted, ' in memo- 
riam' of his lady love. Cape Maria Yan Diemen, 
which to this day still bears her name, and will remain 
for ever an interesting memorial of this romantic 
incident. 

Leaving Cape Maria Yan Diemen on his larboard, he 
continued his course southwards, and after rounding 
many a bold promontory in its long line of coast, ar- 
rived in a placid and pleasant bay.enclosed on all sides 
with hills, in some places rising from the shores in pic- 
turesque and mountainous landscapes. Attracted by 
the aspect of security and tranquillity of this place, as 
well as prompted by the desire of endeavouring to 
obtain some information respecting the country, he 
was induced to indulge in repose after his voyage. 
He therefore dropped his anchors, and the ships rode 
safely on the smooth waters of this capacious and 
sheltered haven. Although apparently uncultivated, 
the country seemed to be populous, and the shores 
were soon crowded with inhabitants, who, collecting 
in groups, stood gazing in wonder at the strange 
visitors, although they did not venture near the 
ships. These people are described by Tasman as 



54 



XEW ZEALAIS^D 



being very tall^ -with hoarse and loud voices^ as 
slightly clothed in garments which looked like 
matting, and in aspect in some features resembling 
the Japanese ; but their appearance and conduct 
did not give any indication either of wealth or 
civilisation. Many of them were armed with huge 
clubs^ and when the j)eople who landed from the 
ships manifested, in a friendly way, a desire to 
communicate with them, they displayed great hos- 
tility, attacking and killing some of the party. 
Hence the place was called ' Moodeneares ' Bay, and 
is now known as Massacre Bay. This unpropitious 
event created aii unfavourable impression of the 
character and disposition of the inhabitants, and as 
the aspect of the country was broken, rugged and 
hilly, as well as covered with wild and dense vege- 
tation, a hasty and unfavourable opinion seems to 
have been formed respecting it, and a low estimate 
entertained of its fertility and productions. In 
those early days of adventure and discovery, no 
remote and newly-discovered country was deemed 
valuable unless the rivers were seen rolling over 
golden sands, the mountains gleaming with gems 
and precious metals, and the groves luxuriant with 
spices and perfumes. 

The Dutchman therefore, under such circumstances, 
appears to have been disappointed with the country, 
and attached little importance to his discovery ; 
while beyond giving the group the name of New 
Zealand, his countrymen appear to have neglected 
and abandoned it altogether. 

For more than one hundred years after Tasman's 
discovery it attracted little or no attention; the 
country remained unkno.wn and its shores unexplored, 
the vast ocean that surrounded it was seldom en- 



CAPTAIX COOK 



55 



livened by the sails of a ship^ or witnessed the 
presence of civilised man. Now and then^ perhaps, 
the crew of some roving and snspicions-looking 
craft may have viewed the dim outline of its moun- 
tain ranges, or the mariners of "some wandering 
bark, driven from its course by storms and tempests 
over the vast wilderness of waters in that bonndless 
ocean, may have seen its coastline from a distance. 
One unfortunate vessel is supposed to have been 
wrecked on its shores, and the crew murdered by the 
inhabitants ; but until the group was visited by the 
celebrated navigfator. Captain Cook, in the year 1769, 
New Zealand was a land enveloped in mystery and 
peril, a terra incognita, and a blank on the map of 
the globe. 

Cook, with characteristic zeal, skill, and sagacity, 
had their coastline roughly drawn on a chart, ex- 
plored the channel which separates the North from 
the South Island, and named it Cook^s Strait. He 
landed, and took possession of the country on behalf 
of Great Britain, being fully satisfied that it would 
become a favourite field not only for settlement and 
colonisation, but for commercial enterprise and 
traffic. Cook subsequently visited New Zealand in 
1773 and 1777, and the glowing descriptions of the 
country and climate which appeared in the fasci= 
natiiig narrative of his voyages, created a favourable 
impression respecting it on all who read them. 

From that time great imj^ortance was attached to 
its possession, and the expression of public opinion 
in England in favour of New Zealand being made 
a British colony was almost universal. Various 
schemes were projected with this object in view, and 
one of tliem was supported by the celebrated 



56 



'NEW ZEALAND 



American statesman and pliilosoplier, Benjamin 
Franklin^ Tvho, during the American ^Var, gave orders 
that Cook's squadron, despatched on a voyage of 
discovery, should be exempt from all attacks by the 
Americans. But the formidable hostility appre- 
hended from the native inhabitants, who v^ere 
represented to be very numerous, as well as ex- 
tremely ferocious, delayed for a time the carrying- 
out of the measures in contemplation for founding- 
settlements.^ 

In the meantime, the attention of the British 
Government was directed by Captain Cook to the 
great island of New Holland, as a country, from its 
remoteness and separation from the rest of the 
world, well adapted as a place of banishment for the 
convicted criminals of Great Britain. The loss of 
the American Colonies, up to that time the place 
of exile of convicted felons, rendered the selection of 
a new and distant country for this purpose a matter 
of urgent necessity. 

A final settlement was therefore founded in the 
year 1788 at Port Jackson, the future Sydney of 
Australia; a governor, with a staff of ofl&cers, accom- 
panied by a party of soldiers as a guard, was sent 
out to maintain law and order, and conduct the 
affairs of the settlement. Amongst the ofl&cers was 
a chaplain to attend to the religious instruction of 
the convicts, and with their increasing numbers his 
duties were multiplied to such an extent as to render 
the appointment of an assistant necessary A young 

^ The Dutch appear to have abandoned all claim to the country by 
right of discovery, for at the famous Congress of Vienna, in the year 
1814, England's right to Xew Zealand was acknowledged by the 
European Powers. 



THE EEV. S.IAR'EL M.IESDEX 



English clergTman, tlie Eev. Samuel IMarsclen^ was 
selected for the office^ and he arrived ui the colony 
in the year 1793. This gentleman was subsequently 
destined, as the founder of the Church of England 
Mission in Xew Zealand, to exercise "great influence 
in the affaii^s and condition of the native inhabitants 
of that country. 

The settlement founded at Port Jackson created a 
certain amount of trade and stimulated commercial 
enterprise in that distant dej^endency, and as the 
hitherto unfrequented seas vrere found to be swarm- 
ing with the sperm whale, and the coasts of some of 
the neighbouring islands to abound in seal, a sjDirit 
of adventure and enterj)rise was engendered amongst 
the colonists by the attraction of this undeveloped 
wealth, which resuhed in the employment of 
numerous vessels in the whale fisheries of the adjoin- 
ing seas, as well as in trading and sealing ex]3editions 
to the coasts of Xew Zealand. In such expeditions 
the numerous and safe harbours in these islands were 
convenient j^laces of rendezvous, not only for shelter 
but in order to jDrocure supplies of wood and water, 
and such other productions as the countiw afforded. 
In these visits, as the adventurers in the fii^st instance 
were viewed with suspicion by the natives, frequent 
and sometimes deadly quaiTels ensued ; bj degrees, 
however, a more friendly intercourse was established, 
which soon led to a more extended and sa.tisfactory 
system of traffic betwixt the two races, till at length 
such was the confidence experienced on the part of 
the natives towards theii' visitors, that numbers of 
them were induced to accept a passage in thefr shij^s, 
and to visit the English settlement at Port Jackson. 
TThen the Xew Zealanders arrived there, they were 



58 



XEW ZEALAND 



viewed witJi as mucli interest and cnriosity by the 
colonists as the Ancient Britons were probably by 
the Roman soldiers when they visited Csesar^s camp 
in Gaul before he invaded their country. In this 
manner, Mr. Marsden first became acquainted with 
the New Zealauders, and beg'an to take o^reat interest 
in their welfare and condition. He formed a high 
and by no means an exaggerated estimate of their 
character. ' They are a noble race/ he writes^; ' vastly 
superior in understanding to anything you can 
imagine in a savage nation/ and he invited many of 
them to reside with him ab his hospitable parsonage 
near Paramatta. While on a visit to England in the 
year 1808, Mr. Marsden laid the foundation of the 
Church of England Mission to New Zealand, and the 
measures designed and practically carried out by 
him, in order to effect its successful introduction into 
that country, were an enterprise of such genuine 
philanthrop}^, subjecting him not only to hardships 
and privations, but to personal risks and dangers, 
that they will for ever render his name famous in that 
country as the apostle of Christianity; and, like Cap- 
tain Cook, he will be distinguished to all posterity 
as one of the greatest benefactors of the native in- 
habitants. 

Various circumstances, and, amongst others, the 
fearful massacre of the crew and passengers of the 
ship ' Boyd,^ at the harbour of Whangaroa, by the 
natives, delayed Mr. Marsden^s visit to New Zealand 
until January 25, 1814, when he sailed from Sydney 
Cove, accompanied by his friend Mr. Leddard 
Nicholas, and three missionaries with their wives and 
families, and on his arrival received a friendly wel- 
come from the natives. 



CHUECH OF EXGLA:XD MISSIOXAEIES 59 



The arrival of the first missionaries in New Zea- 
land marks an important and interesting epoch in 
its early history. Uncivilised man is a being almost 
the same in every country, and the history of the 
British Isles furnishes no exception to this^ rule. 
Missionaries came from Eome to convert our heathen 
and barbarian ancestors to Christianity, in the same 
manner as the missionaries from England introduced 
Christianity into New Zealand, who step by step in- 
structed and partially civilised the natives, and thus 
paved the way to its eventual settlement as a British 
colony. Th^ hearty welcome received by Mr. Mars- 
den and his coadjutors from the natives, as well as 
the kind manner in which they were invited to re- 
main and reside among them, were circumstances 
highly encouraging, and formed a connecting link of 
sympathy betwixt the two races which greatly facili- 
tated the completion of all measures necessary for 
the formation of the first mission station in the 
country. The chief settlement was formed at the 
Bay of Islands, where the head-quarters of the mission 
still remain ; but its sphere of operations was in a 
short time extended to all places of importance on the 
east coast, and where the largest native population 
resided, including Tauranga and Port Nicholson. 
In these early times, missionary life in New Zealand 
possessed many attractions to a devoted, intrepid, and 
intelligent missionary : a fine climate, picturesque 
scenery, and a noble race of savages, who could 
comprehend and appreciate the benefits of knowledge 
and the blessings of religion ; while, from the high 
estimation in which his knowledge, piety, and wisdom 
were held, the missionary was exalted into a position 
of power, influence, and authority, which a despot 



60 



NEW ZEALAND 



would have envied. The mission-house was usually 
a well- selected place of residence, convenient for wood 
and water, and in the vicinity of a native pah or 
village. A taste for landscape gardening was occa- 
sionally displayed in the manner in which the grounds 
were laid out. Around the house appeared a verdant 
lawn, skirted with copse wood, exhibiting an English 
partiality for turf and trees. A well-cultivated garden, 
producing fruit and vegetables, and displaying a few 
specimens of native plants, with a sprinkling of 
English flowers, indicated a taste for picturesque 
scenery and that refinement which appr^iated it, on 
the part of the missionary ; but under any circum- 
stances, the mission station was a place of rendezvous 
and an object of attraction for all classes, as it pos - 
sessed all the necessaries and comforts, as Avell as 
some of the luxuries, of civilised life. In those days 
the natives attached little or no importance to their 
time and labour, and their services were freely placed 
at the disposal of the missionary, either in building 
houses or cultivating their fields. 

On his expeditions into the interior and to distant 
parts of the country, the missionary usually travelled 
en prince^ being accompanied by a retinue of natives 
employed in carrying his tent, blankets, and opossum 
rug, as well as provisions ; and although not assuming 
the character of a sportsman himself, he frequently 
entrusted to one of his native party the favourite 
fowling-piece belonging to the mission, and wild duck 
and wood-pigeons were an agreeable variety in his 
bill of fare on his journey. Travelling in this 
manner, a geographical knowledge of the country 
was obtained, and important information respecting 
the character and condition of its inhabitants, as well 



EXCtLISH TOUEISTS IX THE IXTEEIOE 61 



as mucli of the early and valuable evidence as to its 
natural history. ^Yhen thus wandering with them 
through the forests, exploring rivers in their canoes, 
and talking with them aronnd their evening camp 
fires, the savage character and turhnlent habits of 
the natives, from the constant fighting and fends 
going on among diff'erent tribes, exposed the mis- 
sionary fiTqnently to imminent dangers ; at the same 
time, to an intrepid and intelligent character, a man 
of a truly missionary sphit, such occurrences only 
afforded an opportunity for the display of resolution 
and firmness, qualities highly appreciated by all 
Maories, and which, when exhibited, never failed not 
only to restore peace among the natives, but to 
command tlieu^ esteem and admiration. 

Many years after tliis period, when the country had 
become a British colony, and all apprehensions of 
violence from the natives had ceased, this way of 
making tours into the interior of the country, accom- 
panied by natives as guides and camp equipage 
bearers, was fashionable; and the writer of these 
pages looks back with pleasure to those early days 
employed in such excursions as by far the most 
pleasant and agreeable he ever spent in the colony. 

In such rambling expeditions there was a genuine 
pleasure experienced in escaping from the arbitrary 
and conventional habits of colonial life — for the j)ure 
enjoyment, charming simplicity, and unrestrained 
freedom of primitive existence to be fonnd in the 
interior of the country beyond the boundary line of 
settlement and civilisation. In those then com- 
paratively remote places, the country, as lovely as any 
the sun ever shines npon, was still as nature had 
made it. 



62 



XEW ZEALAND 



There was the glorious vegetation of the primeval 
forests, whose scenery was always attractive; the 
landscape radiant under the sunshine and blae sky, 
with its shades, lawns, rocks and waters untouched 
by the hand of man, and disclosing at every step in 
our wanderings some interesting object in natural 
history to attract our attention and arrest our pro- 
gress ; the narrow Maori pathway by swamp, stream, 
and woodland, required constant attention to keep 
our horses on their legs and our seats in the saddle ; 
then the evening camp at sunset, with its blazing 
wood fire, when we sought repose, enjoying our 
humble fare, accompanied by the refreshing pannikin 
of warm tea, a delicious beverage after the fatiguing 
though healthful toil during the heat of the day ; 
while the whole scene was made joyous and animated 
by the high spirits, talk, chaff, and intelligence of the 
Maories. And then concluding the day with the 
formal ' good-night,' addressed to our Maori com- 
panions, before turning into our little tent, with its 
bed of fern made cosy with the opossum rug, on 
which we experienced the sweetest and most refresh- 
ing slumbers, without entertaining the remotest 
apprehension of peril either from our companions or 
the neighbouring Maories, who went to sleep in 
groups around the fire, or under a tree, wrapped up 
in their blankets. 

Getting up early in the morning perhapfe we 
embarked in a canoe, on some half-explored and un- 
known river, with our camp equipage^ including our 
favourite fowling-piece — everything in order, and the 
canoe handled with skill and dexterity by the natives, 
who would paddle us in our journey to the places 
where thousands of wild ducks were assembled at 



MAOEI IMPROYISATOES 



63 



their early morning rendezvous^ on some sandbank, 
when we would knock over as many as would provide 
us with food for the day. 

I remember, in one of these rambling excursions 
into the interior of the country, proceeding up the 
Waikato Eiver in a canoe, and accompanied by a 
party of natives. It was a lovely autumn afternoon, 
a period of tl^e year so delightful in the New Zealand 
climate, and as we glided along, stretched at our ease 
in the canoe, the natives appeared to enjoy the 
Italian sky, balmy air, and beauty of the landscape, 
as much as ourselves, and in that dreamy enjoyable 
condition relaxed their exertions, slackening their 
speed, and nearly suspended dipping their j)acldles 
leisurely in the deep, broad, and placid stream. We 
therefore for amusement, and at the same time in 
order to stimulate them into activity, made and 
recited verses about them and their country, to 
which they listened patiently for some time with 
grim good humour; then, consulting togetlier for a 
little, they, in imitation of us, assumed the air and 
style of improvisators, and commenced to make 
verses about us by way of retaliation, at the same 
time increasing the speed of the canoe, and keeping 
time with the stroke of their paddles to their song. 
Such a lay did not possess, as might be expected, any 
claim to a high standard of ballad poetry, but I quote 
it as showing their intelligence and humour, as well 
as how easily they could imitate us, and adapt them- 
selves to our condition, appreciate the fun, and enter 
into the spirit of such scenes. 



64 



KETT ZEALAND 



THE MAOEI SOXG OX THE PAKIA. 

VTho sweeps along in swift canoe ? 
The Pakia, the Pakia. 
And travels far the land to view ? 
The Kangatira Pakia. 

Who climbs the mountains steep and high ? 
The Pakia, the Pakia. 
To gaze on woodland, stream, and sky ? 
The Eangatira Pakia. 

Who roams o'er lands by flood and fell ? 
The Pakia, the Pakia, 
And asks the Maori will he sell ? 
The Eangatira Pakia. 

Who wanders through the copsewood green ? 
The Pakia, the Pakia. 
In search of rocks and wealth unseen? 
The Eangatira Pakia. 

Who loves to roam in village glades ? 
The Pakia, the Pakia. 
And flirts with all the IMaori maids ? 
The Eangatira Pakia. ^ 

Among tlie earlj- pioneers in Xew Zealand mis- 
sionary enterprise there were some devoted and good 
men^ Tvliose minds were animated with the love of 
humanity, and at the risk of their lives endeavoured 
not only to ameliorate the condition of the natives, 
by imparting knowledge and the truths of religion, 
but also courageously maintaining their claim to 

^ In the Maori language, Pakia is stranger or colonist ; and Eangatira 
chief or gentleman. 



BRITISH COMMISSIOXER APPOIXTED 65 



freedom and independence. Such, a man was the 
late Venerable Archdeacon Henry Williams^ a man 
of mark among the missionaries of Xew Zealand, 
who was no less conspicuous for his gentlemanlike 
demeanour in private life, than distinguished for 
intrepidity of character, firmness and administrative 
ability, in all transactions and negotiations with the 
native race. It was through liis influence that the 
native chiefs were induced to sign the famous 
^Treaty of Waitangi,' ceding the sovereignty of the 
islands to the Queen, and mainly by his exertions 
that the peaceful annexation of the country to 
England was achieved. His brother, the present 
Bishop of Waipu, is no less distinguished for bis 
zeal and devotion as a missionary than he is person- 
ally esteemed in private life, and is, moreover, one of 
the most accomplished Maori scholars and philo- 
logists in the colony. 

While the missionaries were employed in forming 
stations, instructing the natives, and exploring the 
country, the trading adventurers were no less active 
in their pursuits, and had established trading ports 
at the Bay of Islands, Hokianga, Tauranga^ Port 
Nicholson, and at various other places. The coasts 
of New Zealand, abounding with the sperm whale, 
and likewise with seal, tbe numerous harbours 
were frequently visited by vessels in their whaling, 
sealing, and trading expeditions ; vessels likewise 
occasionally arrived from Sydney in ballast, in order 
to fill up and load with timber, oil, and flax ; and a 
regular and increasing trade was in this manner at 
an early period established. Many of the people 
connected with these whaling, sealing, and trading 
expeditions, allured by the attractions of the native 

F 



66 



XEW ZEALAND 



women^ -were induced to remain and settle in tlie 
country. These persons lived under the protection of 
some chief, became pro]3rietors of land, on which 
they settled, built a house, enclosed and laid out 
a garden, cultivated their potatoes, and had pigs 
and poultry, as well as a troop of half-caste children 
growing around them. In this way were united 
both races, not only in the peaceful bonds of a 
common welfare, but by the still more binding ties 
of sympathy and affection, and all the engaging 
relations of social existence. 

This condition of affairs attracted the attention of 
the Government, who, in order to assist the natives 
in maintaining their authority, gave them a national 
flag, and in the year 1833 appointed a commissioner, 
under the control of the Government of Xew South 
Wales and the Foreign Office, to reside among them. 
By these measures, trade was not only stimulated, 
but a desire to settle in the country, and acquire the 
possession of land, was promoted. This passion for 
land and love of territory, so characteristic of our 
race, were not confined to those who resided in the 
country, but were displa3^ed by the wealthy merchants 
and settlers in Australia ; indeed, all classes vied 
with each other in the desire to acquire land in 
New Zealand, and for a few muskets or a bale or 
two of blankets, the natives were induced to assign 
away territory as large as an English county. In 
the meanwhile, many schemes were projected for 
founding settlements in the country, but none of 
them were practically successful. At last, however, 
ill the year 1838, a company was formed in London 
for colonising and founding settlements in New 



XETT ZEXLAXD COMP.i:>'Y 



67 



Zealand. The cliiei adviser and gniding" spirit in 
this undertaking was Edward Gibbon "Wakefield, a 
man gifted with abilities of a high order, which, if 
properly directed, might have raised, him to be 
Prime Minister of England, and enrolled his name 
in the Peerage. This association, known as the 
New Zealand Company, was introduced to public 
notice by a galaxy of names as directors, distin- 
guished for influence and wealth, and animated with 
a spirit of adventure and enterprise, seldom aroused 
in England since the time when Sir Harry Yane 
and his companions sailed from its shores to found 
settlements in America. 

The names of the Earl of Durham and Mr. Charles 
BuUer, besides those of many others of wealth and 
influence, were sufficient to establish the character 
of this company on a solid basis that indicated 
power, wealth, and enterprise ; and a number of 
ships with emigrants, many of them sons, elder as 
well as younger, of some of the best families in the 
kingdom, were despatched from England about the 
middle of the year 1839. These emigrants were 
destined to be the founders of the colony of Xew 
Zealand. 

In order to create public enthusiasm in favour of 
this expedition, every circumstance calculated to 
attract attention and attach importance to it was 
employed by this powerful company. Peers of Parlia- 
ment and members of the House of Commons went on 
board the vessels to address the emigrants on the 
eve of their departure ; and Tom Campbell, the 
greatest living poet in England at the time, was 
induced to write the following ode on the occasiou : 



68 



XETV ZEALAXi) 



Steer; helmsman, till to\i steer o'oi "waj; 

By stars beyond tlie line : 
Tv'e go to foimcl a realm, one day 

Like England's self to shine ! 

CHOsrs. 

Cheer up, cheer up. onr cotirse we'll keep 
With danntless heart and hand ; 

And Trhen we've ploughed the stormy deep, 
We'll plough a smiling land. 

A J and where beauties importune 

The Briton to its bowers ; 
To sow but plenteous seeds, and prune 

Luxuriant fruits and flowers I 

Chorus — Cheer up, cheer up, &:c. 

There, tracts uncheered by human words, 

Seclusion's wildest holds, 
Shairhear the lowing of our herds, 

And tinkling of our folds. 

Chorus — Cheer up, cheer up, &:c. 

Like rubies set in gold shall blush 

Our vineyards girt with corn ; 
And wine, and oil, and gladness, gush 

From Amalthea's horn. 

Chorus— Cheer up, cheer up, ke. 

Britannia's pride is in our hearts, 

Her blood is in our reins ; 
We'll girdle earth with British arts, 

Like Ariel's magic chains ! 

CHOErS. 

Cheer up, cheer up, our course we'll keep 
With dauntless heart and hand; 

And when we've ploughed the stormy deep. 
We'll plough a smiling land. 



According to tlie principles and practice of the 
British Constitution, the subjects of the realm have 
no power to fonnd colonies or establish settlements 



A BEITISH COLOXT 



69 



witKout the antliority of tlie niotlier country ; and 
as this company had not obtained the sanction of the 
Crown, the Gcvernnient, in order to avoid a conflict 
with such a body, and to prevent their 

operations from assuming an irregular, if not an illegal, 
character, took immediate and judicious measures, 
either to establish a protectorate jointly with the 
natives, or with their sa,nction to proclaim New Zea- 
land a British colony. A naval officer. Captain "William 
Hobson, who had visited Xew Zealand in the course 
of service, was therefore invested with the necessary 
powers for this purpose, and despatched with all ex- 
pedition to Sydney, in order to place himself under 
the controi and guidance of Sir George Gipps, Gover- 
nor of !N'ew South Wales ; and on his arrival, that 
able governor lost no time in sending him on to Xew 
Zealand in a ship of war. Captain Hobson arrived 
at the Bay of Islands on January 29, 1840, and a few 
days afterwards, on February 7, Xew Zealand was 
proclaimed a British colony, and a dependency of 
Xew South Wales. ^ The same day, the native chiefs, 
having ceded by treaty the sovereignty of the islands 
to the Queen, the latter guaranteed to them all the 
rights and privileges of British subjects. This act, 
annexing the country to England, was executed at 
the famous convention of chiefs, held at Waitangi. 
Bay of Islands, on the day last named, and is known 
in the annals of the colony as the ^ Treaty of Wai- 

^ The draft of the famous Treaty of Waitangi' was prepared by me 
late James Busby, Esq., at that time chief Eriti-sh Eesident in New 
Zealand ; and wa^ adopted by the G-overnor, Captain Hobson, without 
any other alteration than a transposition of certain sentences, which did 
not in any degree affect the sense ; and it was translated into the 
Maori language by the late Venerable ArchieacDn Henry WiHiam=!. 



70 



NEW ZEALAND 



taiigic' Prior to the completion of this treaty, the 
New Zealand Company's ships had arrived at Port 
Nicholson, landed their immigrants, who/ under the 
auspices of the company's agent, Colonel William 
Wakefield, took possession of certain blocks of land, 
alleged to have been purchased from the natives, and 
after the manner of their Saxon ancestors, established 
a provisional and local self-government. In this 
manner was New Zealand annexed to the British 
Crown, and not a day too soon, for a ship of war had 
already been despatched from France, to take pos- 
session of the country, and very shortly after the 
completion of the ^Treaty of Waitangi,' made its 
appearance in the seas and waters of New Zealand. 

The French, shortly previous to this period, had 
adopted a colonising policy, and manifested a desire 
to obtain territory in the South Pacific, for the pur- 
pose of founding a colony, and, with this object in view, 
the captain of a French whaling ship purchased from 
the natives a tract of country at Banks' Peninsula, 
returned to France, and brought this circumstance 
under the notice of his Government. This purchase 
was viewed as a possible basis on which to erect a 
claim to the country, and under the sanction of the 
French Government, a company was immediately 
formed, and preparations made, for founding a colony 
in that part of New Zealand. Two ships with emi- 
grants were despatched from France, accompanied by 
a ship of war, to take possession and found a settle- 
ment. These vessels arrived in New Zealand very 
shortly after the British Government had obtained 
possession of the country by treaty from the natives, 
but before formal possession had been taken of any 

1 Tlie ' Tory,' with Colonel Wakefield, arriyed on August 17, 1839. 



CAPTAIX OVi^ES STANLEY, R.X. 



71 



portion of tlie Soutli Island. The French, on their 
arrival, not only took possession of the territory 
which had been purchased by their countryman from 
the natives, including the safe and picturesque har- 
bour of Akaroa, but finding' the country unoccupied, 
set up a claim to the sovereignty of the whole 
of the South Island, nor did they abandon 
their claim, without making strenuous efforts for its 
successful realisation. Old colonists can still re- 
member how they were foiled in the attempt, but 
only after the exercise of the greatest vigilance on 
our part, and not before we had won a well-contested 
race. 

Although New Zealand, ever since Cook's time, had 
been viewed as belonging to England, and at the 
famous Congress of Vienna in the year 1814, Eng- 
land's right to the country was acknowledged by the 
European Powers, still a doubt had. prior to this 
period of annexation, arisen, in respect to the sove- 
reignty over the islands, in consequence of William IV. 
having given the naiive chiefs a national flag, and 
acknowledged their claim to freedom as well as their 
right to be an independent nation. This act, it was 
alleged, restored to the natives the right to dispose 
of their country to any foreign Power, a view in some 
measure supported by the fact that the Treaty of 
Waitangi was considered necessary as a preliminary 
to annexation to the British Crown. 

The French therefore availed themselves of this 
doubt, and after landing their immigrants at Akaroa 
in the South Island, despatched a deputation in the 
French war frigate to wait on the Governor at the 
Bay of Islands, in order to prefer their claim to be 
an independent colony. 



NE\y ZE.iLAXD 



One eveniiigj somewhere about thirtj-two years 
ago, two ships of war lay at anchor in the safe and 
magnificent harbour of the Bay of Islands ; one was a 
French corvette, and the other an old British ten- 
gun brig. The two countries represented by these 
vessels were on friendly terms with each other, and 
the usual courtesies were observed between the two 
commanders, although in their zeal each vied with 
the other, in order to achieve the object which their 
respective Governments had in view. 

The two vessels, at sunset, lay at anchor a short 
distance from each other, but long before sunrise the 
next morning, the Englishman, anticipating the 
movements of his rival, had during the night eluded 
his vigilance, set sail and gone to sea without being 
perceived ; when day dawned, the Frenchman looked, 
but looked in vain for his rival, and in the bitterness 
of his disappointment no doubt felt as if he had lost 
a rose from the wreath in his chaplet. No time was 
lost, however, in getting his ship under weigh, 
and putting to sea, with every sail set which the 
corvette could crtvj. Such was the start in the race 
of seven hundred miles, betwixt these two ships of 
war — a race between France and England, for the 
sovereignty of the South Island of New Zealand. 
The French corvette was superior in every respect to 
the English ship, but Captain Owen Stanley, in the 
old ' Britomart,' like a true and gallant British sailor 
when the welfare of his country was at stake, did 
his duty in such good style, that he reached Akaroa 
harbour at Banks^ Peninsula in the South Island, 
landed, took formal possession of it in the Queen's 
name, hoisted the Eed Cross of St. George and the 
Union Jack on a flag=staflF, and tired a salute of 



CAPTAIX OWEX STAXLEY, E.X. 



73 



twenty-one gnns in honour of the event^ before the 
French corvette, although in sights could come to 
anchor. 

The colonists of New Zealand should erect a 
column ' in memoriam ^ of Captain Owen Stanley, 
who secured in such a manner to his country one of 
the finest islands ever annexed to the Crown of 
England, and the zeal, skill and enterprise displayed 
by him in the performance of his duty on that occa- 
sion, should not be allowed to drift into oblivion.^ 

It has been alleged that the French could not, 
under any circumstances, have made good their 
claim to the South Island, but whatever the result 
of diplomacy might have been, Captain Stanley's 
conduct on this occasion without doubt settled the 
question. Had the French corvette reached Akaroa 
before him, a claim would unquestionably have been 
made by France, and the sovereignty of the South 
Island would have become a question in dispute 
between France and England, and diplomatists 
would have wrangled over such a matter for years, 
and unpleasant results if not actual hostilities might 
have followed. 

The French settlement at Akaroa therefore in this 
manner lost all claim to be an independent colony, 
although established under the auspices of the 
French Government, and the colonists became exem- 

* Captain Ovren Stanley's death at an early age, while in command 
of. the ' Eattlesnake,' a frigate of 21 guns, was a great loss to the 
service, as he possessed scientific attainments of a high order, and was 
much esteemed in the Navy, as well as by all who had the pleasure of 
his acquaintance. He was the eldest son of the late Eight Eeverend 
Dr. Edward Stanley, still remembered as the Bishop, par excellence, of 
Norwich, and brother to the present accomplished and highly esteemed 
Dean of Westminster. 



74 



NEW ZEALAND 



plary subjects of an English Governor, not only 
thrifty and industrious, but distinguished for their 
orderly behaviour, and obedience to the laws. 

The country in this district is broken and hilly, 
and not well adapted for settlement, as there is little 
land available for cultivation, but the harbour is one 
of the finest in the colony, and the picturesque 
character of the landscape is unrivalled. 



CHAPTER III. 



I 



CHAPTER III. 

February, 1840 : GoTernor Hobson resides at tlie Bay of Islands- 
Character of tbe Inhabitants of the Settlement at tlie Bav of 
Islands prior to the * Treaty of Waitangi ' — Selection of Auck- 
land as a Site for the Seat of Goyernment — Goyernor Hobson 
remoyes from the Bay of Islands to Auckland — Xew Zealand 
erected into a separate Colony — Auckland by Eoyal Proclama- 
tion becomes the Capital and Seat of Goyernment for the Tvhole 
of New Zealand — The 2sew Zealand Company found a Town 
and Settlement at Port Nicholson — The Town of Wellington — 
The Company found two additional Settlements at Wanganui 
and Taranaki — The Goyernor appoints Officers to collect the 
Reyenue and administer the Laws in all the Company's Settle- 
ments — Payalry betwixt the Goyernment and the Company — 
April 18, 1841 : The first Land Sale at Auckland highly 
favourable — The Old Land Claimants dissatisfied — Nelson the 
first Settlement in the South Island founded by the Company- 
Nelson — The Goyernor extremely anxious to conciliate the 
Company — Chief Justice and Bishop appointed for New 
Zealand — September 10, 1842 : Death of Goyernor Hobson — 
The Goyernment that known as a Crown Colony — Condition of 
the Colony at the death of Governor Hobson — Primitive Con- 
dition of the Settlement at Auckland — Prosperous Condition of 
the Company's Settlements — The Conflict with the Natives 
known as the Wairau Massacre.* 

LiEUTE^'AXT-GovEEXOE HoBSOiN^ took up his tem- 
porary residence at the Bay of Islands with his staff 
of oflBcials and the military, consisting of a detach- 
ment of the 80th Eegiment, under the command of 
Major Bunbnry. The head-qnarters of the Church 
Missionary Society were in this neighboiirhood, and 



78 



SEW ZEALAXD 



a maritime settlement had grown into some import- 
ance on the shores of the harbour, at Eororarika. The 
latter was a rendezvous for numerous whaling ships, 
chiefly American, and a considerable trade was 
carried on with Sydney as well as with the natives, 
who provided these ships with such supplies as the 
country. afforded. The inhabitants of this settlement 
are represented to have been adventurers from all 
parts of the world, most of them connected with sea- 
faring pursuits, and many, as might have been 
expected, of a lawless and turbulent character. Some 
bore the reputation of having been buccaneers, and 
familiar with — 

Tlie good old rule, the simple plan, 
That he should take who has the power, 
And he should keep who can. 

These, however, were probably neither better nor 
worse than a collection of roving and enterprising 
people, brought together without being subjected to 
law or order or indeed authority of any kind, except 
when punishment was inflicted on some delinquent 
openly in the presence of the whole community, by 
order of a Committee of Safety, as an example to all 
offenders. Very shortly after the execution of the 
Treaty of Waitangi, the governor proceeded in the 
' Herald ^ ship of war on a tour to explore and inspect 
the harbours and coasts, in order to select a site for 
the seat of government for the whole of New Zealand. 
After examining many places, he fixed on a spot on 
the banks of the Waitemata, an estuary in the Firth 
of the Thames, known as Prince Eegent's Inlet ; at 
this place the plan of a town was laid off on the 
ground, which was named Auckland, in honour of 
the First Lord of the Admiralty, Early in January 
1841, the governor removed from the Bay of Islands 



auciila:>t) 79 

and took up liis permanent residence at Auckland. 
Shortly after he received intelligence that 'New 
Zealand, hitherto a dependency of Xew South Wales, 
had been erected into a separate colony, by an Act 
of the Imperial Parliament, and that he had been 
confirmed in his appointment as governor. 

The selection of this site for the seat of govern- 
ment is justified by the result, and although Auck- 
land is now shorn of its prestige, having ceased to 
be the seat of government and capital of New Zea- 
land, it still maintains its ground and takes rank as 
the most important commercial town in the colony, 
while the province is the largest and most populous 
of all the provinces of oSTew Zealand, 

The town of Auckland, like Corinth, is situated on 
an isthmus, having a noble harbour on the east side of 
the island, and the Manakau harbour on the west 
coast, about six miles from it on the opposite side. The 
space intervening between the two towns, Auckland 
and Onehunga, is covered with orchards and vine- 
yards, and studded with villas. The adjoinmg country 
was found not only extremely eligible for settlement, 
but highly picturesque, and in som.e parts nearly 
intersected with navigable estuaries. Numerous low 
small hills of volcanic origin are situated all over 
the district, isolated, and rising abruptly from the 
plain. These are now covered with luxuriant pastures 
well stocked with flocks and herds, and their verdant 
slopes, as well as the plains at their base, are dotted 
with homesteads and villages, which, like the bright 
tints in a painting, impart life and animation 
to the scene ; while beyond the blue and placid 
waters of the AYaitemata, on the opnosite shores of 

" X J- 

Auckland harbour, in their varied character of 



80 



XEW ZEALAXD 



grandeur and beauty^ appear the islands of Eangitoto^ 
Motntapn, and Waihiki, forming iialf a circle^ and 
enclosing the estuary from the sea. Beyond these 
again, in the distance, and mingled Avith the horizon, 
is to be seen the dim outline of the mountain 
ranges of Cape Colville, 3,000 feet high, which, under 
the brightness of a summer's sun and an Italian 
sky, bou.nd and complete the features of a land- 
scape remarkable for its loveliness and surpassing 
beauty. This scene becomes still more interesting, 
when it is recollected that in some measure it is 
associated with the memory, and rendered historic by 
the genius of Cook, as some of the prominent 
features of the country, so faithfully delineated and 
appropriately named by the great navigator, are to 
be seen from the windows of the houses in Auckland. 
Seventy years before New Zealand became a British 
colony, he recommended this neighbourhood, from its 
affording easy access into the interior of the country, 
as a site well adapted for a settlement, and with his 
usual sagacity noticed, while his ship lay at anchor in 
Mercury Bay, that the shores, from their geological 
formation and character, indicated the presence of 
mineral wealth and gold. After a period of one 
hundred years his anticipations have been realised 
by the discovery of one of the richest gold fields in 
the world, on the shores of the Thames, realising, not 
in poetic strains but literally, Denham's famous line 
respecting ' The Thames,' 

Whose foam is amber, and whose gravel gold. 

Auckland is the centre of the largest native popu- 
lation, is in the immediate neighbourhood of the 
largest forests, and the largest river in the colony. 



WELLIXGTOX 



81 



the Waikato, which is navigable for 120 miles^ flows 
through a fine country and terminates its course in 
the sea a short distance from it on the west coast. 
The Thames, very little inferior as a j^iver, and more 
famous for its gold, forms a noble estuary, within 
forty miles of it on the east side. On its shores a 
town containing 12,000 inhabitants has lately grown 
into importance, from the immense auriferous wealth 
found in its neighbourhood. 

The position of Auckland is unrivalled for its 
maritime advantages, and when the railways at pre- 
sent in process of formation, and in contemplation, 
are finished, facilities for internal communication by 
water and rail will exist of a character equal, if not 
superior, to those of any portion of the colony. The 
population of the city and suburbs is now (1872) 
upwards of 20,000, and within a radius of ten miles 
the population is not less than 40,000. 

While Governor Hobson was employed in selecting 
a site for the seat of Government, and founding a 
settlement in the north, Colonel Wakefield, the agent 
of the New Zealand Company, was no less active in 
forming a settlement and laying out a city in the 
south at Port Xicholson. The New Zealand Com- 
pany in the first instance fixed upon a site for a 
town near to the point at which the river Hutt falls 
into the harbour, which was named ' Britannia/ 
This place was, however, soon after abandoned for the 
present site of the town of Wellington, about nine 
miles from the former, and in everj respect superior, 
and tiie best that could have been chosen. Here the 
company's agent laid out a town, and named it 
Wellington after the great Duke. The harbour is 
one of the finest in the worlds and the place has 

G 



82 



XEW ZEALAXD 



gradually advanced from its original condition of a 
fishing village into a romantic-looking town, and is 
now the seat of government for the whole of ISTew 
Zealand. The town is situated on the shores of the 
harbour, and forms a crescent, extending upwards of 
two miles in length, with picturesque hills in a circle 
rising abruptly behind it. The view from these hills, 
although fine, is wild, and the scenery of a Swiss 
character. It includes the valley of the Hntt, which 
is fertile and beautiful, though limited in extent. 
The hills around the town and harbour are now 
covered with luxuriant pastures, and numerous 
handsome seats appear on their slopes. The popu- 
lation of the town and suburbs in 1872 was upwards 
of 8,000, and it is a growing city, with a fair aspect, 
a fine climate, and noble harbour, central in its 
position, and possessing the prestige of beiug the seat 
of government. 

The companj^, however, was not satisfied with 
founding one settlement only, but animated with 
that spirit of enterprise which distinguished it, went 
boldly to work in its measures of colonisation. They 
purchased land from the natives, and formed on the 
west coast two settlements, one at Wanganui, about 
one hundred miles from Wellington, in a fertile 
district, near the mouth of the fine river of that name, 
and the other. New Plymouth, at Taranaki, near the 
base of Mount Egmont, the most beautiful of all 
our New Zealand mountains, rising from the sea into 
a conical tower or turret, 7,000 feet high. The 
situation of these two settlements was well chosen, as 
they are the two extremities of a belt of land of 
unrivalled fertility, although only a very limited ex- 
tent of country at that time belonged to the company. 



RIVALRY BETWEEN THE GOYER^XMEXT A^^D COMPAXY 83 



Wherever tlie company founded settlements, the 
governor appointed officers from his staff to administer 
the laws and collect the customs' revenue at each port 
on behalf of Her Majesty's Government. This 
immediate and successful action oF the Government 
in establishing law and order, and the presence of a 
power superior to that of the company, were at first 
viewed with jealousy by them, which increased into a 
spirit of antagonism, and eventually resulted in open 
and avowed hostility. 

The company, from their wealth and influence, and 
from having arrived in the country prior to its being 
erected into a colony, anticipated that they would be 
the ruling power, with the exclusive privilege of 
colonising the country, and never imagined tha^t the 
Government would assume the right to maintain 
order, administer the laws, and form new settlem.ents, 
except through them, and in harmony with their 
views and wishes. The Imperial Government, how- 
ever, entertained very different views^ and issued 
immediate directions that the company Avere to be 
subjected to the same laws and regulations as any 
other body of colonists, that their privileges were to 
be strictly limited to the operations of a trading 
company ; and that they were in no way to be 
permitted to assume any of the functions of Govern- 
ment. 

The Government and the company therefore at 
this early period became rivals, and began to colonise 
the country at two different points, about 400 miles 
apart, the one in the north, and the other in the south. 
This was a fortunate circumstance, and for the 
welfare of the country the most judicious system that 
cotild have been adopted. 

G 2 



84 



XEW ZEALAND 



Tlie first sale of land in tlie north, the town 
sections at Auckland, was highly encouraging^ as it 
realised upwards of 20,000/., and the succeeding sales 
of suburban and country lands were no less satis- 
factory. The Government settlement in the north 
w^as therefore an undoubted success, while the natives 
w^ere c[uiet and co-operative, and much of the early 
success and prosperity of Auckland is to be attributed 
to their peaceful character, and the harmonious and 
friendly relations which existed between the Govern- 
ment, natives, and colonists. 

Those parties who had purchased land from the 
natives, before the country became a British colony, 
were however dissatisfied, as their claims to such 
lands were, by a local Act of the Legislature, subjected 
to investigation by commissioners appointed by the 
Government, and as many of these claims were 
boundless in extent, a power was given to the 
governor to limit their scope at his discretion, on 
the report of the commissioners. 

This measure of investigation of titles gave great 
offence to many, as it deprived them of the means of 
paying the debts, incurred by borrowing mone}^ on 
the faith of such lands being their property, and as 
the Government in some instances acted injudiciously 
and without discrimination, others were exposed to 
much injustice and experienced severe hardships. 
This unnecessary and harsh measure towards many 
of the old land claimants greatly retarded the jDro- 
gress of the settlement in the north, and rendered 
the Government extremely unpopular. This cir- 
cumstance, however, was made use of by the New 
Zealand Company in colouring and strengthening 
their complaints, when representing their grievances 



XELSOy 



85 



to tlie Imperial Government, and as tlieir settlements 
in tlie south were more nnmerous, enterprising, and 
snccessful tlian those of the Government in the north, 
their zeal in proclaiming theii' own success through 
the press, and their great parliamentary influence, 
rendered them all-powerful in England. 

The operations of the Xew Zealand Company were 
prior to this time confined to the Xorth Island, but 
having acquired territory in the southern, they 
resolved to extend their operations and form a settle- 
ment on the southern shores of Cook's Strait. This 
settlement was projected and founded by the company 
with characteristic energy and expedition. The 
whole of the local arrangements were judiciously 
placed under the superintendence of Captain Arthur 
Wakefield, an oflBcer of ability in the Eoyal Xavy, who 
performed his duties in a very successful manner. 
It received the appropriate name of Xelson, as the 
sister settlement to Wellington. The site of the 
town on level ground at the extremity of Blind Bav, 
is good, with a fine harbour well sheltered bv a 
natural breakwater, the ' Boulder Bank.^ Xelson has 
communication with the Xorth Island and Wellino-ton 
by a passage across Cook's Strait through the French 
Pass, Queen Charlotte's Sound, and the Tory Channel, 
and in making this voyage the steamer a232:)roaches 
almost within a stone's throw of the spot which 
tradition still points out as the site of Cook's first 
landing and encampment on the shores of Xew 
Zealand, in order to take formal possession of the 
country, and to recruit the health of his officers and 
crews. Irrespective of Cook's genius and fame, which 
have made this place historic ground, it is from other 
circumstances one of the most interesting spots in 



86 



XEW ZEALAND 



the countrj. The picturesque beauty of the land- 
scapes disclosed throughout the whole of this passage, 
is unrivalled^ and by many is considered little if at all 
inferior to the scenery on the Rhine, to T^diich it has a 
resemblance. J^elson is now a romantic rural town, as 
well as an important seaport, with a population, 
including the suburbs, of 7,500, and is one of the most 
delightful places of residence in the colony. The 
hills surrounding the town, with their spurs sweep- 
ing down to the shores of the bay, are now clothed with 
pastures, and their verdant slopes enlivened with 
flocks and herds, and many comfortable homesteads. 
The beauty and salubrity of the climate are unrivalled, 
and fruits of all kinds abundant. The coal of this pro- 
vince is the best in the colony. Gold was likewise 
discovered at an early period, and the field continues 
productive, and affords employment to a large mining 
population. Few places possess so manv attractions 
as Nelson for a place of residence, and the number of 
handsome fortunes realised in pastoral and mercantile 
pursuits compare favourably with any other province 
in the colony. 

The governor, at the time jSTelson was founded, 
expressed a desire to co-operate on friendly terms 
with the company, and offered them a site for this 
settlement in the north at Tauranga. This was 
declined, as the company considered the formation of 
the Nelson settlement at a point still further removed 
than the others from the seat of government, as an 
act of consummate diplomacy on their part, and one 
which, as they alleged, gave the coup de grace to the 
Government. 

When New Zealand became a British colony, it 
was in the first instance a dependency of New South 
Wales, and the Supreme Court in Sydney was the 



FIEST CHIEF JUSTICE AXD BISHOP 



87 



tribunal for the settlement of all legal affairs* In 
Church matterSjXew Zealand was a part of the diocese 
of the Bishop of Sydney, but as soon as the country 
was erected into a separate colony, a chief justice was 
aj)pointed5 and sent out from England, and about the 
same time a bishopric was erected, and a j'oung 
English clergyman, Dr. Selwyn, Yicar of Windsor, 
was ordained first Bishop of ^s'ew Zealand. In addi- 
tion to the usual accomplishments, Dr. Selwyn pos- 
sessed a handsome person and fascinating address, 
and captivated the ]Maories by his great physical 
power, as shown in various athletic feats, and his 
capacity of endurance, while the great facility with 
which he acquired a knowledge of their language, 
established for him a high character in their estima- 
tion. On their arrival, the Chief Justice and Bishop 
took up their residence, as a matter of course, at 
Auckland, the seat of government. The first chief 
justice was Sir William Martin, an accomplished 
scholar, of a refined vet vio'orous intellect, who dis- 
charged his high and important duties not only with 
the purity and dignity of an English judge, but with 
the spirit of r'a English gentleman. Out of a state of 
chaos he had to create our courts of law, and adapt 
them to the condition of the colon ; and in practical 
good sense, sound legal knowledge and independence 
of character, as well as in those accomplishments 
which distinguish the gentleman of refined taste and 
pursuits, he has never been excelled by any judge or 
public man in the colony. On his arrival he set to 
work vigorously to reconstruct a system of jurisdiction 
applicable to the colony, as many of the old laws of 
J^ew South Wales were unsuitable for Xew Zealand. 
At the same time he very soon acquired a complete 
knowledge of the native language and character. 



88 



XEW ZEALAND 



The first Maori he sentenced to death was a yonng 
chief who had been found gniltj of committing a 
barbarous murder. After explaining to him the con- 
dition in which he was placed by the laws of the 
country, and addressing him in a very simple and 
impressive manner, he concluded by saying, ' Maketu, 
in youi own emphatic language, I bid you go to your 
forefathers this expression at the time carried me 
in imagination to my own native land, the saying 
beinof as familiar amonof the Scotch as it is with the 
Maories. Sir William Martin, after fourteen or fifteen 
years' service with honour to himself and satisfaction 
to the colony, was compelled from severe and con- 
tinued ill health to resign the office of Chief Justice, 
and the Stafford Government granted him a small 
pension of 840/. a year, a very inadequate reward for 
such meritorious and distinguished services, being no 
larger than the retiring pension usually allowed to 
the police magistrate, or collector of customs, of some 
Maori village. 

Governor Hobson, whose health had been shattered 
by a stroke of j^aralysis soon after his arrival, died on 
September 10, 1842, at Auckland. He possessed 
good abilities, was extremely gentlemanlike in his ap- 
pearance and manners, but during his career in 'New 
Zealand, his impaired health cast his good qualities 
into the shade. Nevertheless, he discharged his 
duties in a highly satisfactory manner, although his 
position was rendered an arduous and difficult one, 
by the struggle with such influential and enterprising 
opponents as the New Zealand Company. At this 
period New Zealand was governed as a Crown colony. 
The Legislature consisted of the governor, colonial 
secretary, treasurer^ and attorney-general, all ap- 



DEATH OF GOVERXOE HOBSOX 



89 



pointed by the Queen, witli three colonists nominated 
by the governor, who held their seats daring His 
Excellency's pleasure, but all laws passed by the Legis- 
lature were reserved for confirmation bj Her Majesty, 
or, in other words, by the Secretary of State for the 
Colonies ; and in the event of the death or absence of 
the governor, the Colonial Secretary became acting- 
governorfor the time being. On the day following the 
demise of Governor Hobson, the Colonial Secretary, 
Lieutenant Willonghby Shortland, R.N., was sworn in 
acting-governor, and his short administration was 
distinguished by firmness and good sense. 

The colony at the time of Governor Hobson's death 
may fairly be described as enjoying a period of tran- 
quillity, if not as highly prosperous. The sovereignty 
of the country had in a peaceful manner been ceded 
to the Queen by the natives, and the whole territory 
annexed to the Crown. At Auckland, in the centre of 
the largest native population, a settlement had been 
formed, and the country in the neighbourhood had 
been sold and was occupied by a numerous and enter- 
prising class of colonists. These circumstances in- 
duced the Imperial Government to proclaim Auckland 
the capital and seat of government for the whole of 
New Zealand ; and as the native population at that 
period was the m.ost numerous and powerful, this act, 
without doubt or challenge, was a measure of sound 
policy. 

The European population of the town and settle- 
ment at Auckland, at this time, did not exceed 2,000. 
The social condition of the colonists was extremely 
simple and primitive ; the houses were mostly small 
wooden buildings, some indeed still remained of 
Maori architecture built of raupoo. The streets 



90 



XEW ZEALAND 



were only half formed, or partially laid ont, and in 
many places impassable without sinking deep in mud 
and water. On the occasion of a party at Govern- 
ment Honse, we got as far as the gate, but to get 
through the mud farther was impossible, without 
rendering us unpresentable at an evening party. 
We therefore hailed some Maories who were passing, 
to take pity on us, and carry us over the slough of 
mud, and we rode to the verandah of Government 
House on the backs of the Maories. In those days 
v;e were all young and high in spirits, and such words 
as trouble and difficulty were practically not to be 
found in our vocabulary. Great energy and enter- 
prise were displayed as well as intelligence, and look- 
ing over the pages of the first report of the Auckland 
Agricultural Society published at that time, it appears 
even now a highly creditable production. The sound 
practical observations which it contains, respecting 
the method of clearing the land of bush and fern, as 
well as on the quality of cattle, horses and sheep, 
which it recommends for the consideration and 
selection of the settlers, compare favourably with the 
intelligence of the present day, and the precise way 
in which the cost and price of all produce and labour 
are recorded, is both interesting and valuable. 

The advancement and success of the company's 
settlements in the south were likewise no less con- 
spicuous and satisfactory, and they were held in 
public estimation as equal if not superior to those of 
the Government in the north. The funds at the 
disposal of the company were large, and vast sums 
had been expended, if not unwisely, at least un- 
sparingly. 

By a combination of capital and enterprise the 



CONFLICT ^ITH THE XATIVES AT T7AIRAU 91 



company had apparently overcome all difficulties, 
and established a number of settlements on a basis 
seemingly of sound and lasting prosperity. 

A cu'cumstance, however, occurred some months 
after the governor's death, vrhich paralysed the 
affairs of the company, and created a profound sensa- 
tion throughout the whole of Xevr Zealand. 

The natives in the South Island, being few in 
number and apparently in no way formidable, gave 
little trouble : no danger therefore was apprehended 
from them ; consequently, they were treated with 
marked contempt by the company, who took arbitrary 
and high-handed measures with them on all occa- 
sions. Some dispute arose with the colonists which 
led to a trifling violation of the law on the part of 
the Maories, and Captain Arthur Wakefield, the 
company's agent, with a number of the leading 
colonists of Nelson, resolved to compel them to 
surrender and submit to be tried in our courts of law. 
The police magistrate was not only induced to issue 
his warrant for their apprehension, but to accompany 
the party of gentlemen who undertook the command 
of an expedition to apprehend them. Being well 
armed the leaders of this force apprehended ]io diffi- 
culty or danger. The natives, however, had no inten- 
tion of submitting, and retreated to a remote place in 
their own territory, where they were found by the 
party in pursuit. They had taken up a position on 
the east bank of the Tua Marina stream, a tributary 
of the deep and turbulent Wairau, a river fed by 
mountain torrents, which flows through the fertile 
and picturesque dales of that district. On perceiving 
their pursuers, the Maories drew together and 
assumed a defensive attitude, and when the gentle- 



92 



XEW ZEALAND 



men advanced from tlie opposite side and were 
crossing the stream in order to apprehend them, a 
shot was fired by one of their party, whether by 
accident or design was never known, and a native 
was killed ; a skirmish ensued, and some of the 
gentlemen, including the resident magistrate, fell 
mortally wounded ; the natives, encouraged by their 
success, attacked their opponents vigorously, com- 
pelling them to retreat, and, after a short parley, to lay 
down their arms, and surrender. Exasperated by the 
losses they had sustained, the natives then killed nearly 
the whole of them, not one of the gentlemen escaping. 
Two or three of the constables, by concealing them- 
selves in the long fern, were the only survivors who 
returned to narrate the dismal story of this disaster. 

Twelve or fifteen of the leading colonists of Nelson, 
including Captain Arthur Wakefield, the company's 
agent, and Mr. Thompson, the resident magistrate, 
fell in this encounter. It took place on June 17, 
1843, and is known in the annals of the colony as the 
' Wairau Massacre.' A column ' in memoriam ^ of 
the unfortunate victims has been erected on the spot 
where they fell. 

The natives maintained that the police magistrate 
and his staff fired the first shot, and this statement 
was confirmed by the survivors of the party. 

This victory over the colonists had a most pre- 
judicial effect on the minds of the natives. Since 
the country had become a British colony, peace had 
prevailed, and an acknowledged supremacy in autho- 
rity, as well as superiority in race, had been main- 
tained on our part. A quarrel had now unfortunately 
arisen, and a fight had ensued in which we had been 
defeated ; we had therefore not only lost our prestige 
as a superior race, but the natives had lost faith in 



CONFLICT TTITH THE XATIYES AT TVAIRAU 93 



our Tnagnaniniitv, and a general Tvant of confidence 
prevailed ^liich fell little shoii: of a panic. 

Under sucli circumstances tlie Government could 
not demand satisfaction from the conquerors^ vrho 
liad the law on their side ; they had ueen attacked, 
and one of their people hilled, bt fore they had offered 
resistance^, and had only defended themselves when 
assailed. The killing of the prisoners after they had 
surrendered was, no doubt, a barbarous act ; it was 
a frequent and usual occurrence among savages, and 
even in civilised warfare it is sometimes difficult to 
restrain excited men from killing prisoners.^ 

This disaster was a ' heavy blow and a grea,t dis- 
couragement ' to the company, from which it never 
recovered. They had derided and talked of the 
' Treaty of "Waitangi ^ as unworthy of the considera- 
tion of statesmen, alleging it was merely a device to 
amuse savages, which ought not to be respected or 
considered binding on them. While attempting to 
carry such views into practical operation, they expe- 
rienced a defeat from the natives, which shook the 
fabric of their vast power to its foundation. The 
strife which ensued with the Government was trans- 
ferred from the colony to England, and Lord Stanley, 
then Secretary of State for the Colonies, declared in 
his place in Parliament, that the Government was 
resolved to maintain the ' Treaty of Waitangi ' in all 
its integrity; and many an animated debate took 
place, respecting the condition and affairs of the 
colony, often continuing from eve to early morn, 
before the powerful company gave way. 

' General Sir Charles Napier narrates that when taken prisoner at 
the battle of Corunna, and after he had surrendered, his life was twice 
attempted by the French soldiers, and that he was indebted to a noble- 
hearted French drummer for his safety. 



1 



CHAPTER ly. 



J 



ARRIVAL OF GOVERNOR FITZROY 



97 



CHAPTER IV. 

Arrival of Captain FitzEoy as Governor — A severe ^Monetary 
Crisis prevails in the Colony — The Xatives get irritated as well 
as provoked respecting their Lands — Tlie Governor waives the 
Crown sright of pre-emption over Xative Lands Impolicy of his 
financial Measures — The Settlements in the South petition for 
his recall — Johnny Heki, a Xative Chief, commences the War 
in the Xorth — The Town of Eussell taken and sacked by the 
Natives — Auckland fortified — Small force in the Colony — 
Lieut. Barclay tried by Court-Martial — Condition of Colonial 
Affairs — Failure of Lieut.-Col. Hulme's Expedition — Skill dis- 
played by the Maories in erecting Pahs — Major Wilmot, R.A. 
— Colonel Despard appointed Commander of the Forces — 
Storming party defeated before Heki's Pah at Ohaiawai — Major 
Macpherson, Lieut. David Beattie, Lieut. Philpotts, E.X., and 
Captain Grant — The Natives abandon their Pah — Governor 
FitzPtoy recalled — Mrs. FitzPioy. 

Towards the close of the year 1843, Captain Eobert 
FitzEoy, an oflficer in the Royal ISTavy, who had pre- 
viously held a seat in the Honse of Commons, arrived 
in New Zealand, having been appointed Governor in 
succession to Captain Hobson. On his arrival he 
had immediately to grapple with various important 
questions, and had to encounter a combination of 
difficulties, which neither his firmness could withstand 
nor his judgment surmount. 

A severe monetary crisis prevailed at that time, 
both in the Anstralian colonies and ISTew Zealand, 
and the distress and suffering experienced by all 
classes were severe and protracted. When the 

H 



98 



NEW ZEALAND 



new Governor arrived at Auckland^ he found the 
colony suffering from extreme monetary depression ; 
the Government not only financially embarrassed, 
but its resources exhausted, and the salEiries of the 
officers for months in arrear, from want of funds. 
The natives were likewise exposed to similar priva- 
tions and hardships ; for by an Act of the local Legis- 
lature, they could sell their land to the Government 
only, who had then no funds wherewith to buy it 
when offered for sale, nor would they allow the 
colonists to purchase it, although able and willing. 
The natives maintained, and not unreasonably, that 
the law ga^^e the Govern meiit only the right of pre- 
emption, and that on the refusal of the Government 
they were at liberty to dispose of them to the 
colonists. As their lands were i:ot Crown lands, they 
conld be sold at less than the Government upset 
price of 1/. per acre. Hitherto the Government and 
the company were the exclusive vendors of land ; now 
a third party, the natives, by far the largest owners, 
appeared, not only as rivals and competitors, but pre- 
pared to undersell and drive the former altogether 
out of the field. The Government and the company, 
who reaped large profits in buying lands from the 
natives at a mere nominal price, from a farthing to 
sixpence an acre, and then re-selling it to the colonists 
at the minimum price of 1/., united in opposing the 
sale of land direct to the colonists by the natives. 
This land-jobbing monopoly, although practised by 
the compa^ny, was highly injudicious on the part of the 
Government. A bond of sympathy and self-interest 
united the natives and colonists. The natives, 
irritated as well as provoked by this dog-in-the 
manger policy, proceeded from one act of aggression 



DEPRESSED COXDITIOX OF THE COLOXY 



99 



to another, until at last tliey set the Government at 
defiance by cutthig down the flagstaff at the Bay of 
Islands, which they considered was the emblem of 
British authority. 

In the south the condition of the company's settle- 
ments was equally depressed and unsatisfactory. 
The natives were gloomy and suspicious, and yet un- 
certain what measures would be adopted by the Govern- 
ment respecting the treatment of the prisoners taken 
at the fight at the Wairau. But when the governor 
visited the south, he carefully investigated all cir- 
cumstances connected with that untoward event, and, 
after mature consideration, announced that he con- 
sidered that the unfortunate gentlemen who fell in 
the confiict had been the aggressors, and that no 
measures of retaliation would be adopted by the 
Government. A shout of execration was raised by the 
compp^ny at this decision, and they denounced the 
conduct of the governor as unjust and pusillanimous. 
The settlements in the south consequently manifested 
the bitterest hostility towards the governor, and took 
measures to thwart and annoy him in every possible 
manner. The governor, on his return to the north, 
experienced the greatest difficulty in maintaining 
peace and order among the native inhabitants, in 
reference to the land question. This condition of 
affairs forced him to resort to the only means 
at his disposal calculated to maintain the tran- 
quillity of the natives. He therefore boldly resolved 
on, and wisely introduced measures for, the total 
abolition of the obnoxious system of land- 
jobbing ; and without waiting for the authority of 
I the Imperial Government, immediately on his own 
; responsibility issued a proclamation announcing that 

1 H 2 



XEW ZEALAND 



lie was prepared, under certain conditions and regu- 
lations^ to ^Taive the Crown's right of pre-emption 
over native lands, and to permit the ovrners to dispose 
of them dbect to the colonists. This measure was 
the couiJ de grace to the company. It was sound 
policy, and was carried into operation in a states- 
manlike manner. If Governor FitzEoy had limited 
the innovations of his policy to this measure, and 
met the further and unreasonable demands of the 
natives with a decided refusal, his career, instead of 
b3ing a failure, would have been one of brilliant 
achievement and success. 

This system of allowing the native lands to be dis- 
posed of direct to the colonists, is the basis on which 
the early prosperity of Auckland was erected, as it 
secured the peaceful co-operation of the natives, and 
gave an impetus to its enterprise, which in a few 
months raised its condition, from a state of despon- 
dency bordering on despair, into a thriving and 
prosperous settlement. 

In addition to this measure, so highly beneficial 
and satisfactory to both races, the governor intro- 
duced and carried into operation another, calculated 
to be no less favourable to the parties interested, 
than conducive to the sound and permanent pro- 
sperity of the settlements in the north. Many of the 
old land claimants, who had acquired land before the 
country became a British colony, and who had expe- 
rienced hard treatment from the Government, had 
now fallen into poverty, and were living with their 
families unprotected in remote places, far removed 
from civilisation. The governor therefore resolved, 
on behalf of the Crown, to purchase their lands 
situated in these remote places, giving them in 



IMPOLICY OF THE FIXAXCIAL MEASURES 101 



exchange lands situated in the town or neighbour- 
hood of Auckland. This was sound and judicious 
policy, as it collected the remotely scattered popula- 
tion of the country around Auckland, rendering them 
safe from native aggression, and at the same time 
strengthening the settlement by increasing its popu- 
lation. Numbers of the old colonists availed them- 
selves of the advantages offered by this measure, and 
many comfortable hamlets and happy homes were in 
this manner created, and not a few of the colonists 
are now indebted to it for their wealthy and inde- 
pendent position. 

These measures, so practical, legitimate, and 
favourable to the Government settlements in the north, 
created on the part of the company's settlements in 
the south the most intense animosity and hostility 
against the governor, and a petition to the Imperial 
Government for his recall was immediately prepared, 
numerously signed, and forwarded by one of the 
leading partisans, who was despatched to England as 
a special representative of their alleged grievances. 

Hitherto, Governor FitzRoy's policy was legitimate 
and statesmanlike; although some of his measures 
were innovations and antagonistic to the views of 
the New Zealand Company, they were however 
founded on sound principles, and justified by necessity 
and the obligations of justice. 

But from this time, his want of firmness in not 
resisting the unreasonable demands of the natives, 
and the measures he was driven to in his extremity 
in order to provide funds for cariying on his govern- 
ment, exposed him to censure. At the same time it 
must be remembered, that he was fettered by the 
Colonial Office, and entirely prohibited, under any 



102 



XEW ZEALAND 



circumstances Trliatever. from drawing bills on the 
Lords of tlie Treasury. He therefore resolved to 
issue debentures;,^ which was a legitimate step ; but 
he went beyond his anthority in establishing these 
debentures as a circulating medium, and making 
them a legal tender. The result was fatal to his 
colonial career ; he sacrificed himself^ but saved the 
colony ; and as these debentures were ultimately 
taken up and paid from imperial funds, he merely 
anticipated this result in the measure forced upon 
him by the absurd conduct of the Colonial Office in 
►sending him to govern a remote colony, without pro- 
viding funds to meet the ordinary charges. 

There was another measure of his financial policy 
which cannot be defended : the abolition of the 
revenue raised by the customs duties, and the substi- 
tution of a direct tax on property in its place. This 
measure, it was alleged, was adopted in order to pacify 
the natives ; but it cannot be defended even on such 
a ground. Political economy is an inductive, and 
not an experimental science, and the financial condi- 
tion of the colony did not justify him in making such 
an experiment. 

The governor's land policy was however successful, 
and peace was maintained at Auckland, where the 
largest native population resided. The great and 
powerful Waikato chiefs continued friendly, aiding 
and strengthening the Government, and oflPered their 

^ When this debenture question was introduced, the writer of these 
pages strongly urged upon the consideration of the GrOTernment the 
policy of simply issuing debentures or exchequer bills, bearing interest 
at the rate of sixpence per diem for every 100/. ; and at this rate of in- 
terest, the gold and silver hoarded up by the merchants and colonists 
would have been brought into circulation, and the necessity for a 
Government legal tender paper currency rendered superfluous. 



JOHXXY HEKI COMMEXCES WAR IX THE XORTH 103 



services to defend Auckland from tlie aggression of 
all hostile natives. To this circumstance it ^vas 
owing that^ in a period of peril and alarm, Auckland 
remained undisturbed, enjoying peace and prosperity 
during the vrar that ensued, and which for a time 
rendered the two extremities of the Xorth Island in 
many places desolate. 

The natives, after cutting down the flagstaff at the 
Bay of Islands, continued in a hostile and turbulent 
condition, which induced Captain FitzKoy to apply to 
Su' George Gipps, the governor of New South Wales, 
for a reinforcement of troops, which application 
was promptly complied with. The immediate and 
unexpected arrival of this military force at the 
Bay of Islands, produced for a time a salutary 
influence on the minds of the insubordinate natives, 
who readily assumed a subdued behaviour, and 
expressed regret for their previous lawless con- 
duct, at the same time promising to remain quiet 
and submissive for the future, provided the governor 
sent the troops immediately out of the country. The 
governor was deceived by this show of submission on 
the part of the chiefs, and very injudiciously ordered 
the troops to re-embark forthwith, and return to 
Sydney. This want of flrmness displayed by the 
governor only encouraged the natives to proceed to 
further acts of hostility, on a more extended and 
systematic basis. 

The leader in these disturbances was a turbulent 
Maori chief, Johnny Heki, who commenced his 
lawless career by cutting down again and again the 
flagstaff at the Bay of Islands. The Government, 
with more zeal than discretion, resolved to prevent 
him from committing such acts in future, and for this 



104 



yEW ZEALAXD 



purpose built a blockliouse ball-proof, on tlie top of 
the bill on Tvbicli the flagstaff was erected, and in it 
was placed a detachment consisting of fifteen soldiers 
of tbe 96tb Eeginient, under the command of Ensign 
Campbell, witb orders to bold tbe place and protect 
tbe flag at all bazards. Tbe cbief, Jobnny Heti, 
was bowever not to be foiled in bis monomania for 
cuttinof down tbis flao\ He bad observed tbat Ensigfn 
Campbell and bis men, wben tbey saw tbe ]\Iaories 
advancing towards tbe *town below, left tbe block- 
bouse and repaired to tbe brow of tbe bill, in order 
to obtain a view of wbat was going on witb tbe 
natives, and be prepared bis plans accordingly. He 
ordered some fifteen of bis stout and daring fellows 
to proceed dming tbe nigbt to witbin a sbort distance 
of tbe blockbouse and. conceal tbemselves in tbe tall 
brown fern, wbicb in colour could bardly be distin- 
guisbed from tbe tawny skins of tbe Maories. 

After planting tbis party in ambusb during tbe 
nigbt, Heki tbe following morning, in force, advanced 
towards tbe town, and fired a few volleys, in order to 
attract tbe attention of tbe military in tbe blockbouse. 
Campbell, on bearing tbe report of musketry, bastily 
left bis post witb bis men, in order to observe wbat 
was g-oino' on below, leavino- tbe blockbouse and flag: 
unprotected ; wben tbe Maories in ambusb, wbo were 
watcbing all bis proceedings, and only waiting for 
tbis opportunity, leaped from tbeir cover in tbe fern, 
and bounding like deer towards tbe blockbouse were 
immediately in possession of it, including all tbe arms 
and munitions of war, killing an unfortunate soldier, 
tbe only one tbat remained at bis post to defend it. 
In order to complete tbeir victory, and at tbe same 
time to announce tbe success of tbe enterprise to 



THE TOWX OF RUSSELL SACKED BY THE XATIVES 105 



tlieir friends^ tliey fired volley after volley at Camp- 
bell and his party of soldiers^who scampered off, as fast 
as they could run, for safety to the nearest blockhouse, 
about a mile distant below. 

This capture of the flag and blocthouse greatly 
encouraged the natives in their career of hostility, 
and they now gathered together in considerable 
numbers under their two leaders Heki and Kaweti, 
who, boasting that the conflict at the Wairau had re- 
vealed the weakness of the English and superiority 
of the Maories, threw off all allegiance to the Govern- 
ment, set the military at defiance, and aj^peared in 
open rebellion. 

The ' Hazard ' sloop of war was sent to j)rotect the 
inhabitants and their property in the town of Russell. 
The natives, however, appeared in considerable force, 
and immediately attacked the place. The sailors 
then landed from the ' Hazard,^ and in the most 
gallant manner repulsed the assailants for some time ; 
but when Captain Eobertson, the commander of the 
^Hazard,' who was severely wounded, had to be 
carried on board his ship, the natives renewed the 
assault, and succeeded in taking the place, which 
they sacked. The inhabitants, men, ATomen, and 
children, including the military, had in the meantime 
found an asylum on board the ship of war, which 
immediately after the capture of the town sailed for 
Auckland. The place was therefore abandoned, a 
few of the old colonists, with their families, whom the 
natives had taken under their protection, including 
the missionaries, being the only Europeans who 
ventured to remain after this disaster at the Bay of 
Islands. 

When the ' Hazard ' arrived at Auckland, brino^inof 



lOG 



XEW ZEALAJSD 



intelligence of oiir defeat^ and of the fall and sacking 
of that settlement by the natives, a general want of 
confidence in all Maories was apprehended, and a 
panic for a short time ensued. St. Paul's church at 
Auckland, and the barracks at Fort Britomart, were 
the only places at that time considered ball-proof, 
being built of brick and stone, and in periods of 
alarm, the women and children, including the gover- 
nor's wife and family, were frequently seen hastening 
for safety towards these places. 

The sound policy of Governor FitzEoy's land 
measures was then made apparent, and the policy he 
adopted for conciliating and securing the co-operation 
of the natives produced results highly satisfactory. 
The Waikato natives, who were the most numerous 
and warlike in the country, including the great and 
powerful chief Te Whero Whero, on learning the 
disaster which had befallen us, at once offered their 
services to tjie Government for the defence of Auck- 
land. The importance of this friendly disposition 
on the part of the Waikatos can hardly be over-esti- 
mated, and the confidence and security which it in- 
spired cannot be described or fully comprehended, 
except by those who were exposed to the risks, sufi'er- 
ings, and vicissitudes of that eventful period. The 
governor maintained a courageous attitude, and took 
immediate measures to fortify and place Auckland in 
a condition to resist attacks, and secure the inhabi- 
tants from all apprehension of danger. He was well 
supported by the people ; no despondency was mani- 
fested, but all classes assisted readily in raising 
works of defence. The writer of this sketch took in 
his turn, for a few hours every day, his share in 
digging a ditch and throwing up a rampart around 



FORCE STATIOXED IX THE COLOXY 



107 



Fort Britomart, and his riglit-hand fellow-labourer in 
the trenches was a barrister, the Hon. Mr. Bartley, 
subsequently President of the Legislative Council 
for many years, in the General Assembly of Xew 
Zealand. On one occasion a horseman, spurring and 
hot with haste, rode into the Fort, and gave the 
alarming intelligence, that a large party of hostile 
natives were advancing upon Auckland. My old 
friend and fellow-labourer, whose partiality for 
Shakspeare prevg.iled over all apprehension of 
danger, whirled his shovel over his head, and ex- 
claiming in a style which John Eemble might have 
envied : ' Hang out our banners on the outward walls ; 
the cry is still They come ! ^ then pausing and 
looking at the unfinished and imperfect ramparts, 
added, ' Our castle's strength will laugh a siege to 
scorn/ resumed his digging vdth renewed energy and 
vigour. 

An outcry was raised against the conduct of the 
officers in command of the forces at the Bay of Islands 
when the settlement of Eussell was taken and sacked 
by the natives, and Lieutenant Barclay, 96th Eegi- 
ment, was tried by a court-martial on a charge of 
behaving ill before the enemy ; and although the 
evidence in his defence was considered to be sufficient 
to exempt him from official censure or reprimand, it 
was at the same time of such a character as to leave 
an impression that his conduct was not in harmony 
with efficiency. Lieutenant Barclay was amiable 
and gentlemanlike, but not equal to such an emer- 
gency, and an officer of greater hardihood and more 
experience should have been selected for the com- 
mand of a post of such importance and exposed to 
such perils. 



108 



XEW ZEALAND 



The officers and sailors of the ' Hazard ' sloop of 
war were, however, as might have been expected, 
distinguished for their gallantry in repulsing the 
natives, as well as for their considerate humanity in 
offering their ship as an asylum to the military and 
the inhabitants when the town was taken. A sword, 
valued at one hundred guineas, was presented to 
Commander Eobertson, by the inhabitants of Auck- 
land, in testimony of their appreciation of his dis- 
tinguished services. 

The troops in the colony at that time, consisted of 
a detachment of the 96th Regiment under the com- 
mand of Lieut. -Col. Hulme, and a small party of 
sappers, under the command of Captain Bennett of 
the Engineers. The total number did not exceed 
150 men all told, and of this force a detachment of 
sixty men had been for some time previously stationed 
at Wellington. The remaining force at Auckland 
was therefore hardly sufficient and could only act on 
the defensive. The formation of an expedition to 
proceed to the north, to quell the native insurrection, 
was therefore an effort requiring a force far beyond 
that which the governor had at his disposal, until a 
reinforcement of troops could be obtained from 
Sydney, which was the head-quarters of the military 
in the Australian Colonies, including New Zealand. 

While the seat of government in the north was 
placed in this helpless condition, the company's 
settlements in the south were in no better position ; 
and although not engaged in actual warfare, could 
afford no assistance to Auckland, as they were ex- 
posed to panics and alarms from the hostile attitude 
of the natives, who were apparently only waiting for 
a favourable opportunity to commence hostilities. 



COXDITIOX OF COLO^'IAL AFFAIRS 



109 



Our defeat at tlie Wairan liad damaged our prestige 
in the soiitb. as a superior race, which suffered still 
further fi'om Heki's subsequent defeat of our troops 
in the north. A strong conviction was iiopressed 
upon the natives, that we were no match for them in 
war. It therefore became apparent, that the two 
extremities of the Korth Island must soon become 
the scene of military operations, and that our pres- 
tige could only be re-established by the advance of 
our troops in overwhelming force, and a defeat of the 
natives on their own system of warfare, and in their 
remote and hitherto sujD^DOsed inaccessible positions. 
In the meantime, it was extremely fortunate that 
peace prevailed at Auckland, which is situated nearly 
in the centre of the North Island, and where the 
natives were the most numerous, as well as the most 
warlike. The fact of the powerful Waikato chiefs 
being on our side, was not without its weight and 
influence in restraining many tribes from joining the 
rebels, and inducing others to remain neutral in the 
approaching and inevitable contest betwixt the two 
races. 

This condition of affairs without doubt was the 
result of misgovernment. Our policy, instead of be- 
ing distinguished for its humanity and magnanimity 
towards an inferior race, exhibited the arbitrary and 
high-handed conduct of the company, which alien- 
ated and irritated them ; while the disgraceful system 
of land-jobbing, practised both by the Government and 
the company, had created a strong impression on the 
minds of the chiefs that they were treated unjustly 
and withoi-'t sufficient consideration; and when we 
had resorted to arms in order to overawe and coerce 
them into submission, our defeats and disasters, north 



110 



XEW ZEALAXD 



and south, enconraged them to rise in rebellion, not 
so much against the sovereignty of the queen as 
against the unjust measures of the company and the 
Government in respect to their lands. In justice, 
however, to the memory of Captain FitzEoy, while 
recording his want of firmness in the administration 
of native affairs, at the same time his fearlessness in 
not shrinking from assuming responsibilities, when 
the welfare of the colony rendered it expedient, and 
his personal intrepidity in facing and encountering 
difficulties cannot be forgotten. These qualities were 
conspicuous features in his character and conduct, and 
when necessity as well as sound policy forced upon 
him measures antagonistic not only to the views of 
the company but to the traditions of the Colonial 
Office, he had the boldness to carry them into opera- 
tion. In emergency, no faltering timidity impaired 
the force of his measures or embarrassed his govern- 
ment. On such occasions he resembled his maternal 
uncle, the famous Marquis of Londonderry, better 
known in the early part of this century in the British 
House of Commons as Lord Castlereagh. 

As soon as the intelligence of the defeat of our 
troops at Eussell was received in Sydney, Sir George 
Gipps, the Governor of New South Wales, with 
characteristic zeal and energy for the welfare of New 
Zealand, took immediate measures in co-operation 
with the commander of the forces, Lieutenant- 
General Sir Maurice O'Connell, to despatch a force to 
our relief; and a reinforcement of troops was embarked 
in a transport under orders to proceed with all expe- 
dition direct to Auckland. The head-quarters of the 
58th Eegiment, consisting of 400 men under the 
command of Major Bridge, were therefore landed at 



EXPEDITIOX TO THE NOETE UXDEE COL. HULME Hi 



Auckland riy as practicable^, and about the same 
time, the ' North Star/ a frigate of twenty-one guns 
under the command of Captain Sir Everard Home, 
reached her destination, and appeared at anchor in 
New Zealand waters. 

The governor had now a force at his disposal 
which was considered sufficient to extinguish the 
native insurrection ; an expedition was therefore 
equipped and despatched without delay to the north 
for that purpose. This force consisted of the 58tli 
Regiment, under Major Bridge, a small detachment 
of the 96th Eegiment, including a few Auckland 
militia, numbering all told about 500 men, the whole 
under Lieutenant-Colonel Hulme, who was in com- 
mand of the expedition. This force was accompanied 
by the two ships of war, the ' North Star ' and 
' Hazard.' 

Our troops were landed at the Bay of Islands, and 
advanced a short way into the interior of the country, 
in order to attack the natives under Johnny Heki, 
who, after plundering the settlement at Kussell, had 
retired some twelve or fifteen miles inland, where he 
had built a pah or fortified pest in a strong posi- 
tion. The troops, accompanied by a large party of 
loyal and friendly natives, under a distinguished 
chief, Nene Waka, advanced and took up a position on 
a hill in the vicinity and overlooking Heki's pah and 
the surrounding country; while the commanding 
officer remained at this post with the head-quarters 
and the reserve, a force advanced to reconnoitre the 
enemy's position; when they came within range of 
the enemy, Heki opened fire, and at the same time 
a party made a sally to attack them, from the pah, 
while simultaneously, another party of natives 



112 



under a Avar-cliief, Kaweti, who had been lying 
concealed in ambush in the long fern, now spring- 
ing from their cover attacked our troops in the 
rear. The latter were therefore placed between two 
attacking parties from o^^posite directions at the 
same time. The commanding officer from the hill 
observing these movements of the enemy, ordered 
his bugler to sound the call for retreat, but retreat 
was now impossible. Lieutenant John M'Lerie, 
adjutant of the 58th Eegiment, and the officer of the 
Xavy in command of the sailors and marines, in the 
most gallant manner and contrary to orders then 
led their men to the attack of the party of natives 
under Kaweti, who were advancing in the most 
intrepid style, and engaged our troops in a. hand-to- 
hand fight. M^Lerie and his gallant fellows suc- 
ceeded however, after experiencing severe loss, in 
repulsing the attack of the enemy, which permitted 
our force to retire to the position of the head-quarters 
staff on the hill, without being exposed to the fire of 
Heki's musketry in the pah. The chief, Kaweti, led 
on his men most gallantly in this attack, in which 
four of his sons fell. The combat was maintained with 
great intrepidity on both sides, and Lieut. M'Lerie's 
capacity for command was no less conspicuous than 
his gallantry. Had he obeyed the order of his 
commanding officer, and retired without, in the first 
instance, engaging and repulsing the enemy, the 
little force under his command would have been 
routed and cut off. 

Ensign Campbell, 96tli Eegiment, who had been in 
command of the blockhouse at the Flagstaff hill at 
Eussell when taken by the Maori es, made himself 
conspicuous on this occasion by being the only one 



O'SLTCESSFUL EETUEX OF THE EXPEDITIOX ll.^C 



of tlie force who retreated instead of fighting, in 
obedience to the orders of his commanding officer ; 
and Avho, in his flight, had the marvellons good 
fortune to escape the bullets fired at _him bj both 
friends and foes. 

This affair may be viewed as a specimen of the 
method of Maori warfare, and in this instance it was 
near proving successful. Nevertheless their opera- 
tions were altogether of a defensive character, and as 
we had a force numerically as strong, and much better 
provided and equipped than they were, no reasonable 
grounds existed why all further oj)erations against 
the enemy should cease, and the objects of the expe- 
dition be abandoned. The commanding officer how- 
ever got alarmed, and, apprehending that his commu- 
nication with the shipping might be intercepted, 
resolved to abandon all farther military operations, 
and hastily returned with the troops to the Bay of 
Islands. This retreat was effected without interrup- 
tion of any kind from the natives, and the whole of 
the forces were embarked for Auckland. 

The failure of this expedition created immense 
sensation, and cast over the settlement a gloom and 
despondency never previously experienced. The 
governor naturally was much dissatisfied; and ex- 
pressions of disappointment were heard from all 
parties. The writer of these reminiscences was 
present when the commanding officer, Lieutenant- 
Colonel Ealme, landed at Auckland on his return, 
and assured those who had assembled to meet him 
' that the force under his command was indebted to 
a merciful foe for its safe return.' Such was the 
termination of an expedition from which so much 

I 



114 



XEW ZEALAXD 



was expected^ but Ave could never miderstaud how 
such a force could have been in jeopardy. 

It appeared however that Johnny Heki, at least hi 
the estimation of some of the military, was a formi- 
dable and clever fellow. At the same time, we had 
the satisfaction of knowing that Auckland was safe, 
with such a force for its protection ; but no further 
military oj^erations were to be taken against the 
enemy, until a further reinforcement of troops could 
be obtained from the head-quarters in Sydney. In 
those days steam communication did not exist, and 
a delay of some weeks ensued before we could 
receive a reply to our application for further 
assistance, as Sydney is 1,200 miles distant by sea 
from Auckland. In the meanwhile, our allies the 
AVaikato natives remained firm and faithful to 
us, although our repeated disasters and uniform want 
of success in our military operations were sufficient 
to dispirit them, and shake their confidence in us. 
These natives came in large numbers every day to 
Auckland, expressing their sympathy and offering 
their services, but they did not appear to be so much 
concerned about the condition of affairs as we were. 
They were familiar with a state of hostilities, and 
their young men, who had few amusements in peaceful 
times, enjoyed war for its excitement and occupation. 

Governor FitzRoy did not, however, accept their 
services, as he wished to show them that he could 
put down the insurrection without their assistance. 
In this view I thought he was wrong at the time, and 
I think so now ; as no force is superior to the natives 
for irregular warfare in New Zealand, and their loyalty 
is beyond suspicion. Only a small section of the 
native:^ had joined Held, his followers being limited 



MAORIES' SKILL IX ERECTIXG A PAH 115 



to the Gnapui tribe, wlio at one time were very 
powerful, being the first of the natives who, under the 
celebrated chief and warrior, Shonghi, had obtained 
muskets and gunpowder. But now Heki could not 
muster more than 500 men, and his force never 
exceeded that number, while our ally at the Bay of 
Islands, the chief Xene Waka, could bring nearly as 
many men into the field as Johnny Heki, and these 
were men who from that time till the present have 
never swerved in their loyalty. 

Under such circumstances Heki had the penetration 
to understand where his strength lay, and how 
it could be employed to the greatest advantage. He 
was satisfied that he could not resist our forces in the 
open field, and his sagacity pointed out to him the 
only method in which he could have a chance to hold 
out agfainst us. He was iust intellig^ent enouo^h to 
observe that oiu* arms were only muskets, very 
similar to his own, and was totally ignorant of the 
power of artillery; he therefore considered that he was 
safe in adopting a defensive plan in his operations, 
and with sound common sense employed his people 
in building a pah or fort, in a remote and advan- 
tageous position, in order to eff'ect their escape if 
necessary. Having selected a convenient spot for this 
purpose, they set to work ; and in their simple style 
of warfare took all measures which their skill could 
suggest to prepare for its defence. 

The skill and science displayed by the Maories in 
the construction of a pah, cannot be excelled by 
civilised engineers, and the expeditious and eff'ective 
manner in which they erect palisades, dig a ditch, 
throw up ramparts, and honeycomb the ground into 
rifle pits, is quite marvellous. Everyone may have 

I 2 



116 



XEW ZEALAND 



obseryed how active and busy bees appear aroTind a 
bee-liive or skep^ vrhen engaged on a fine day in their 
labonr, and what a picture of energy and indnstiy is 
exhibited by ants in conducting their operations in 
the vicinity of an ant hill ; but neither bees nor ants 
surpass in indefatigable vigour, force, and perseve- 
rance, the Maories when they set to work con amore 
to build a pah. On such occasions, the method of 
conducting theii' operations forcibly reminds us of 
Yirgirs unrivalled and beautiful passage in the first 
book of the ^neid, in which he describes the zeal, 
skill, and enterprise displayed by Queen Dido and 
her people in building Carthage, and constructing 
works of defence ; a scene which appeared so attrac- 
tive and interesting to MnesiS and his companions, 
when they visited that place in their flight and 
voyage to Italy, after the fall and destruction of 
Troy. 

In the hasty retreat of our forces from their posi- 
tion in front of Heki's pah, the Maories fortunately 
did not venture to attack them. It is jDrobable that 
the loss they had sustained in their combat with 
M^Lerie and his gallant fellows, had convinced them 
of our superiority in the open field. Heki, however, 
deemed it prudent to remove to a stronger position, 
and therefore selected a site for a pah at Ohaiawai, 
in order to be prepared for us. as he rightly antici- 
pated that we Avere making every eff"brt to collect a 
large force to attack him. 

At this time the condition of the colony, both north 
and south, was truly deplorable. Every class ex- 
perienced hardships and privations, and it was only 
that stubborn enduring spirit which is characteristic 
of the Anoio-Saxon race which enabled the colonists 



MAJOE TTILMOT, E.A. 117 

to hold togetlier amidst sucli disasters and diiTiculties, 
and persevere in the attempt to found settlements. 
The great resources of the New Zealand Company 
were nearly exhausted, and in the south the pressure 
arisinof from restricted funds, as well as from the 
hostility of the natives, had reduced the condition of 
every one to a state bordering on actual suffering. 
Affairs in the north were still more depressed, and 
the colonists there were reduced to a condition of 
barter, as the coins of the realm, like the wealth 
referred to in Scripture, had taken wings and had 
flown away. I remember the great Waikato chief, 
Te Whero Whero, in one of his visits to Auckland, 
remarking to me, ^ I believe you Pakias are a great 
nation, but there is one thing I cannot understand : 
how it is that the queen won't give the governor 
money,' Now here was an old chief utterly ignorant 
of the priiiciples of political economy, but who from 
native sagacity discerned that money was power ; and 
the circumstance of the governor being left without 
money, as he believed bj^ the queen, impaired his 
confidence in the Government, and weakened his 
faith in our supremacy. The old chief said, ' I can 
foresee that Johnny Heki will be beaten and an 
end put to the war ; but without money the queen 
can never govern the Maories, and hold the country.' 

By their great parliamentary influence the New 
Zealand Company had, however, prevailed on the 
Imperial Government to withhold all pecuniary aid 
from New Zealand, as they hoped by such means to 
prevent the colonial Government from buying native 
lands, and so becoming not only the exclusive colo- 
nising power, but the supreme authority in the ad- 

nistration of public affairs. 

mi 



118 NEW ZEALA^'D 

The fame of Johnny Heki's success in resisting our 
forces had now travelled over all the neighbouring 
colonies and assistance was received from many 
places. Major Wilmot^ E.A.^ arrived from Hobart 
Town, where his father. Sir Eardley Wilmot, was then 
residing as governor of Tasmania. This officer will 
be long remembered in New Zealand, as he was distin- 
guished for intelligence, science, and gallantry. At 
that time he was attached to the Imperial forces, but 
not serving with the staff of the colonial troops, he 
therefore offered his services as a volunteer, and, as he 
had brought with him two old guns, six-pounders, his 
services as well as the guns were very acceptable. On 
every occasion during the war, Major Wilmot's con- 
duct was conspicuous for skill and bravery ; and some 
years afterwards, when the intelligence reached New 
"Zealand of his being killed in action at the Cape, 
universal regret was expressed for his early death. 
Among the many officers who served in the colony, 
not one of them, in those qualities which distinguish 
the gallant soldier and accomplished gentleman, 
excelled the noble-hearted, talented, and intrepid 
Lieut. -Col. Wilmot. 

In those times of emergency, the zeal, energy, 
and administrative ability of Sir George Gipps, 
Governor of New South Wales, rendered him con- 
spicuous, and the expeditious manner in which 
he despatched troops and munitions of war to 
our assistance will be long remembered by the 
colonists. As soon, therefore, as the failure of Lieut. - 
Col. Hulme's expedition was known in Sydney, 
Colonel Despard, at that time in command of the 
99th Regiment, was appointed colonel on the staff, 
and despatched forthwith to take command of the 



COLOXEL DESPAED'S EXPEDITIOX 



119 



troops in Xew Zealand. This officer arrived in Auck- 
land as early as practicable, accompanied by liis staff 
and an additional reinforcement of troops, consisting 
of 200 men of his own regiment. The force now at 
the disposal of the governor consisted of the head- 
quarters 58th Eegiment, detachments of the 96th and 
99th Eegiments, a few sappers, and Major Wilmot 
with his two guns ; forming all told, including a small 
party of Auckland Militia, a field force of 800 men. 
Colonel Despard was a good and gallant soldier, his 
regiment a model of discipline, and its appearance on 
parade a picture of efficiency, but he had no preten- 
sions to skill or science in war. The expedition to 
the north Avas despatched in good order and in ex- 
cellent condition, accompanied by three ships of war. 
The troops were landed at the Bay of Islands, and, 
accompanied by a reinforcement of loyal natives 
under the chief ISTene Waka, advanced about fifteen 
miles inland without experiencing interraption of 
any kind from the natives. Our forces proceeded to 
Ohaiawai, where Heki had built his pah, and as 
the Maories had no other arms than muskets, our 
troops approached unmolested by the enemy, and 
took up a position within 300 or 400 yards of the 
pah, on a small knoll or rising ground, commanding 
a view of the enemy's fort and neighbourhood. The 
country was open, except on the side where the pah 
was situated, which partly bordered on a wood. The 
ground between the two positions was level, or un- 
dulating, but covered with tall fern, and intersected 
by a small stream on one side, which supplied the 
pah with water. The period of the year was mid- 
winter, but even in this season the temperature is 
mild and inclemency of the weather does not inter- 



120 



KEW ZEALAXD 



rnpt operations in tlie -field ; the only inconvenience 
experienced was from the rain^ which in that season 
nsually falls frequently and often in torrents. No 
circumstances were however allowed to retard the 
progress of the gallant colonel, who was resolved im- 
?nediately to attack Heki and extinguish the insur- 
rection. He was now face to face with the enemy, 
and he must be allowed the highest praise for the 
expeditious manner in which he had brought his force 
to their position. He was high in hope, as he had 
experienced no difiiculties, apprehended no danger, 
and anticipated an early and complete defeat of the 
Maories, with the prospect of an immediate return in 
triumph to Sydney with the troops. 

Major Wilmot, E.A., was therefore ordered to com- 
mence firing on the pah with his guns in order to 
make a breach in its palisades, but this operation was 
found, from the strength of the works, to be more 
difficult than was anticipated, and, from the small 
size and limited number of the guns, tedious if not 
impracticable ; under such circumstances the colonel 
in command became impatient, then irrita^ted, 
and would hear of no further delay. In this state of 
mind he ordered the pah to be attacked by the 
troops ; Major Wilmot informed him there was no 
breach as yet practicable for troops to enter. The 
storming party was however told off, and a reserve 
force was held ready to co-operate in case of necessity. 
The chief ISTene Waka and our native allies looked 
on in amazement at this proceeding and foretold its 
failure. 

Major Macpherson,99th Eegiment,was in command 
of the storming party, accompanied by Lieutenant 
Phillpotts, E.N"., with a part}^ of sailors and marines 



STOEMIXG P.iETY BEFORE HEKl's PAH 121 



provided with ladders and axes^ in order to attempt 
to force their way into the pah if no breach was 
practicable. The attacking cohimn advanced with 
the usnal intrepidity of British soldiers ; the dis- 
tance to the pah was shorty but the glacis afforded 
no shelter, and when the cloud of smoke from the 
first irregular and rolling volley of the enemy within 
the pah cleared off, the ground in front of it was 
already covered with a number of our fallen, and 
Major Macpherson, the gallant leader of the column, 
had fallen severely wounded a short distance from 
the palisades. Lieutenant Beattie was found Ijdng 
mortally wounded a few yards in advance of him ; 
Phillpotts was killed close up to thepah,when attempt- 
ing to force his way through the barricades, and 
Captain Grant, 58th Kegiment, fell just as he reached 
them. In a very few minutes, eighty-five men 
had fallen, thirty-five of whom were killed. Safe 
behind the palisades the Maories had waited our 
approach; and when the column advanced within 
a short distance of them, the first rolling volley from 
their double-barrelled guns loaded with ball was 
irresistible. It was impossible under such circum- 
stances for our troops to enter the pah ; there was no 
breach, and it was surrounded by two rows of pali- 
sades ten feet high, the intervening space betwixt 
the rows being divided into compartments in such a 
manner as to prevent any one ever getting out, if 
they had succeeded in getting over the first line. 
As we had no artillery to batter down such defences, 
the only effective method would have been to run a 
sap up to the palisades, and blow them up with gun- 
powder. After the storming party had retired, Lieut.- 
Col. Hulme with the reserve was ordered to advance 



122 



XEW ZEALAND 



in order to gatlier up and remove from the field the 
wounded p^nd dead, which service was performed 
unmolested by the enemy. 

The Maories in the pah expressed much regret for 
the death of Lieutenant Phillpotts^ as he was well 
known to them, and they would have spared him if 
he had not shown such a determination to break 
through the palisades. His career Avas that of a 
brave man, and his gallantry fascinated the ]\laories. 
He was a son of the late Bishop of Exeter, and his 
death was lamented by the colonists. 

The failure of this attack convinced the colonel in 
command that the Maories understood where their 
strength lay. This system of defence, practised by 
brave and uncivilised people, exposes British troops 
to severe loss when led on in their hot blood and 
cold steel attacks, without skill and science in war. 
The failure of this attack was merely the result of a 
misconception of the relative powers, and protection, 
of the attacking and defending forces: both sides 
were armed alike ; the one, however, was safe behind 
impassable barricades, while the other was exposed to 
the cool, concentrated aim and deadly fii'e of the 
enemy. 

Our native allies were now employed to harass 
and inipede the besieged in obtaining provisions 
and supplies, while Major Wilmot kept up a constant 
fire of shot and shell on the pah. This operation 
imposed on the enemy great laboui^ and fatigue, in 
repairing the breaches made by our shot : while, at 
the same time, they were held in a state of coustant 
dread of being attacked by our troops, at all hours of 
the day and night. "Worn out and harassed, they at 
last, without our knowledge, abandoned the pah on a 



MRS. FITZROY 



123 



dark night. ^^Tien the fact was revealed the next 
morning, our troops walked in and took possession. 
Some time elapsed before it was known to what part 
of the country Heki had retired. 

Governor FitzEoy's colonial career was now draw- 
ing to a conclusLon, as he had received a despatch 
from the Secretary of State for the Colonies, advising 
him of his recall as governor ; he, therefore^ from 
this period, remained inactive, and only held oflS.ce 
until the . arrival of his successor. Whatever may 
have been the divergence of opinions respecting 
Captain FitzEoy's policy, universal sympathy and 
regret were expressed for Mrs. FitzEoy, who has long 
since passed away to that mysterious and silent land 
— the undiscovered countiy, from whose bourne no 
traveller returns. Of all our Colonial Governors' 
wives she was the most gifted and graceful, being 
not only remarkably handsome, but from her easy 
and dignified behaviour, highly fascinating in 
society, and possessing that inexpressible charm, 
which distinguishes the refined, accomplished, and 
kind-hearted gentlewoman. 



CHAPTER Y. 



CHAPTER V. 



Arrival of Sir George Grey as Governor — His capacity for Admin- 
istration — Sketcli of his ambitious Career — The Debentures 
issued by Governor FitzEoy taken up by Sir George Grey with 
Imperial Funds — The Governor joins the Head-quarters of the 
Forces in the Xorth — Heki's pah at Ruapeckapecka invested by 
the Troops — ^Its fall, and Peace restored — Sir George Grey 
abolishes the System of direct piu'chase of Lands from the 
Xatives by the Settlers — Character of the Governor at that 
Period — The Governor invites the great Chief, Te Where 
Whero, to accompany him to the South — Hostilities there of 
short duration — Captain Stanley and Officers of H.M.S, 
* Calliope ' — Colonel Henderson, RA. — Peaceful and indus- 
trious pursuits of the Natives — Lord Grey's first Constitution 
dissatisfactory — Protest against it by Bishop Selwyn and the 
Church of England Missionaries — Governor Grey persuades 
Lord Grey to suspend the introduction of his Constitution — 
Native Disturbance at Wanganui suppressed by Captain Laye 
— Rapid advance in Wealth and Population throughout the 
Colony — St. John's College — Bishop Selwyn — Bishop Pompal- 
lier — The AVesleyans — Reverend Mr. BuUer — The Scotch — 
Friendly r-laticns between the Colonists and Xatives — Brief 
description how a Tour was made into the Interior at that Time 
— The Governor, Captain G^rey. created a Knight of the Bath— 
The late Colonel and Captain Wakefield — Sir Charles Clifford. 
Mr. Stafi'ord, Mr. Fitzherbert, Dr. Featherston. Mr. Fox, Sir 
David Munro, Sir Francis Dillon Bell, and the late Dr. Martin, 

Ox November 14, 1845, Sir George Grey arriyed at 
Auckland as successor to Captain FitzEoy in the 
government of New Zealand, Yv'liile a young man^ 



128 



IsEW ZEALAXD 



Sir George Grey liad explored an unknown tiact of 
territory in Australia, lying betwixt Adelaide and 
the Swan River settlements, and had written a sketch 
of his journey, in which he suggested and described 
a system of policy, considered to be well adapted for 
ameliorating the condition of the aborigines of that 
countr3^ He dedicated this book to Lord Glenelg, 
at that time Colonial Minister. The work was 
favourably received, and very shortly after its pub- 
lication Captain Grey was ajDpointed Governor of 
South Australia. He was then selected to occupy 
the important post of administering the affairs of 
New Zealand, in a period of difficulty and emergency, 
and a ship of war was despatched from India in 
order to take him as early as possible to his destina- 
tion. Sir George Grey is a man with abilities of a 
high order, his capacity for administration undoubted, 
and if he had devoted his energies, faithfully and 
fearlessly, with justice and magnanimity, to the 
adjudication of the conflicting claims and aflPairs of 
the two races which he was sent to govern, he would 
have retired, after his long and eventful service in 
New Zealand, with the character of a great man, and 
the reputation of an enlightened statesman, instead 
of being viewed as merely successful in achieving 
personal distinction in an ambitious career. 

The measures of his government in New Zealand 
were in many ways statesmanlike, but shaped and 
shaded with such strong tendencies to arbitrary power 
that their practical importance was impaired, and they 
failed to inspire confidence in either the Maories or 
the colonists. 

Homer narrates that the god Apollo fell in love 
with Cassandra, the beautiful daughter of Priam 



AERITAL OF SIR GEORGE GREY 



King of TroT, and in order to conciliate lier favour , 
offered to confer npon her any gift worthy of a god 
to bestow. The beautiful girl, proud of having cap- 
tivated the great Apollo, and conscious of her powers 
of fascination, asked her lover to endow her with the 
gift of prophecy, which he, to gratify her, accord- 
ingly bestowed. Having obtained this gift, the 
youthful and lovely girl, like a petted beauty 
presuming on her attractions, displayed her caprice 
by jilting the amorous god, who, in revenge, and as a 
punishment for her perfidy, rendered her gift of 
prophecy worthless, by adding to it the condition 
that everything she said should be disbelieved. 

In such like manner Sir George Grey must have 
offended, in some way or other, the deity who had 
bestowed such a high order of gifts upon him, and, 
in order to punish him for his transgressions, then 
rendered them comparatively ineffective, by casting 
over all his acts a shadow of suspicion, and raising 
the spectre of distrust, which haunted all his policy 
and measures, and caused that want of confidence 
with which they were regarded by the people of both 
races. Still he was an accomplished statesman, a man 
of mark, whose mind, 

TMiose fires, 
True genius kindles and fair fame inspires ; 
Blest with, each talent and each art to please, 
And born to write, converse, and live with ease. 
Should such a man, too fond to rule alone, 
Bear, like the Turk, no rival near his throne, 
Like Cato, give his little senate laws, 
And sit attentive to his own applause ? 

These lines well characterise Sir George Grey's 
long and eventful administration in ISTew Zealand. 

K 



130 



]S^EW ZEALAXD 



Like Cardinal Wolsey^ in the famous character dra^vn 
of him by Shakespeare, he was in the habit of making 
his own opinion his law/ and to such an extent was 
this mental idiosyncrasy sometimes displayed, that 
it bordered on absurdity, reminding some of us 
forcibly of Lord Lauderdale's well known maxim, 
' Show me the man and I'll show you the law.' ^ 
While his great abilities as a writer of despatches 
and State papers imparted a fascinating character, 
and a rose-coloured hue, to his proceedings, in a 
dependency lying at that distance ' which lends 
enchantment to the view.' 

When Sir George Grey arrived in New Zealand, 
he found that the Maories had begun ' to pale their 
ineffectual fires ' before the power and endurance of 
British troops, and although they had experienced 
no defeat of importance, still the loss they had sus- 
tained at the storming of Eussell, and in their en- 
counter with M'Lerie, convinced them that they were 
no match for us in arms. The daily, I may say 
hourly, harassment to which they were exposed by 
our system of conducting military operations, had 
completely worn out their strength and endurance. 
From this cause, as well as from that want of 
discipline and organisation which characterises the 
warfare of all uncivilised people, the insurrection 
had in a great measure lost its vigour. Heki, after 
deserting his pah at Ohaiawai, removed his followers 
to Euapeckapecka, where he commenced building 

* Lauderdale was endowed with great abilities and force of character, 
which had been hereditary in his family for generations. He was one 
of the five members of the famous ' Cabal ' Ministry ; and he ruled 
Scotland with unrelenting rigour and absolute sway, in the time of 
Charles the Second. 



JOHXXY HEKl's PAH 



131 



another fort on a spot wliicli lie deemed inaccessible, 
and secure from all our attacks. 

The new goyernor, after a short stay at Auckland, 
proceeded to the north in order to qu_ench the expir- 
ing embers of the insurrection, but previous to his 
departure he made arrangements for taking up the 
debentures in circulation with Imperial funds, as he 
had received from the Lords of the Treasury authority 
to obtain from the commissariat any amount of trea- 
sure he might require in conducting the govern- 
ment. Possessed of such authority, and provided 
with ample funds, he saw the difficulties hitherto ex- 
perienced in administering the afiairs of the colony 
disappear like winter snows at the approach of 
summer. 

Our forces being left without an enemy at 
Ohaiawai, returned to the Bay of Islands, where 
Colonel Despard was informed that the chief Johnny 
Heki had commenced building a pah at Euapeclra- 
pecka, a remote and almost inaccessible position, 
about eleven miles from that place, but it was impos- 
sible for our troops to advance and invest this post, 
without in the first instance cutting a pathway 
through the forest, which was as dense and intricate 
as an Indian jungle. In the meantime he had re- 
ceived various reinforcements. Lieut. -Col. Wynyard, 
with the remainder of the 58th Eegiment, arrived, 
two additional ships of war were sent, and the new 
governor, Sir George Grey, likewise made his appear- 
ance at head-quarters. There was now a field force at 
the governor's disposal, amounting, with the sailors 
and marines, to fifteen hundred men. Our troops 
advanced and invested the enemy's pah, and Major 
Wilmot commenced firing upon it, without however 

K 2 



182 



XEW ZEALAND 



making a breach, in the defences. The colonel in 
command contem23lated another assault, but early on 
Sunday morning, January 11th, 1846, while the 
Maories were engaged at prayers, the palisades at one 
entrance were left undefended ; our troops therefore 
marched in, and drove the enemy out of their pah, 
exemplifying, that in war as well as in many other 
affairs, the unforeseen event is sure to occur and lead 
to important results. On this occasion our loss was 
extremely slight. The enemy lost a few men, but 
did not suffer severely. 

The two chiefs, Heki and Eaweti, with their 
followers, soon after sent to the governor, offering 
terms of peace and submission. Sir George Grey 
behaved in a generous manner to the sim23le and gallant 
Maories. In the first instance he confiscated their 
territory, but shortly afterwards restored it to them ; 
th-is was sound and judicious policy, and was not 
thrown away, for this tribe, the Gnapui, one of the 
most numerous and warlike in the country, have con- 
tinued ever since to be distinguished for their loyalty 
and allegiance to the Government. 

The governor remained a short time at Auckland 
before proceeding to Wellington, to quell the spirit of 
insurrection which, had manifested itself in the south 
ever since our unfortunate defeat at the Wairau. 
Before his departure, however, he abolished the system 
of direct purchase of lands from the natives by the 
colonists, which had been introduced so successfully 
in the north by his predecessor. This false step in his 
policy was no doubt taken with^'the view of concil ating, 
by a peace-offering to their cupidity, the jSi'ew Zeaiand 
Company, whose influence, although on the wane, was 
still great in England. As they had alwavs denied 



GOYERXOE FITZEOY's POLICY 



133 



tlie claims of the natives to the rights of British 
subjects, I am satisfied that he supported them in 
this measure in opposition to his judgment ; but Sir 
George Grey was then an ambitious young raan^ 
resolved ' to climb the steep where Fame's proud 
temple shines afar/ and in order to ingratiate himself 
with this powerful company, he forsook the right and 
adopted the expedient in his policy. 

The company at that time owned a considerable ex- 
tent of territory, and the exclusion of the natives from 
the field of competition in the sale of lands, was an 
important object gained. Governor FitzEoy's aim was 
to abolish the disgraceful land-jobbing monopoly 
carried on both by the company and Government, in 
order to establish a just and sound system of policy, 
and at the same time to act fairly towards the natives. 
Sir George Grey's object was to re-establish both, and 
conciliate the natives by a system of gifts and 
presents out of funds drawn from the Imperial 
Treasury in the first instance, and subsequently from 
colonial revenues. This was merely postponing the 
settlement of the question, instead of grappling with 
it in a statesmanlike manner. 

The Government then was as completely despotic 
as can be imagined, and the governor was in the 
habit of quoting, much to the amusement of some of 
us, Carlyle's theory of a pure despotism, as the best 
of all systems of colonial government. He therefore 
held in his hands, for a time, for good or for evil, the 
destiny of the colony ; but he was not a believer in the 
maxim that nothing is politically right that is 
morally wrong, and trusted to cleverness and expe- 
diency, instead of erecting his system of policy on the 
principle and basis of fair play and justice to both 



134 



ISEW ZEALAXD 



races. His policy laid the foundation for the subse- 
quent wars in New Zealand^ although during his fir.^t 
tenure of ofi&ce he made everything pleasant to the 
Government^ the company^ and the natives. It was, 
however, a policy which could not last, as it was 
simply founded on expediency and personal influence, 
and was of the ' Apres moi le deluge ' character. 

The governor invited the great chief Te Where 
Whero to accompany him to the south. This chief 
had the reputation of being the greatest warrior in 
New Zealand, and some years previously had con- 
quered the tribes which had now risen in rebellion 
against the Government. The war in the south was, 
however, of short duration, as our troops had now 
acquired experience in the field, as well as in the 
mountain and forest warfare peculiar to New Zealand. 
^Frequent skirmishes took place, and occasionally we 
suffered rather severely, but the skill and gallantry 
of our troops were irresistible, and the capture by 
stratagem of Te Eauparaha, a notorious intriguing 
chief, on July 24, 1846^ terminated hostilities, and 
completed the subjugation of the insurgent natives in 
the south, who, like sensible fellows, quietly submitted 
to our supremacy. 

Conspicuous for gallantry and indefatigable acti- 
vity, was Captain Stanley, with the oflBcers and crew 
of Her Majesty's ship ' Calliope,' whose services con- 
tributed greatly to the success of our arms. All 
honour to those gallant sailors who did their duty 
nobly and well, although no ' Times Commissioner ' 
existed in those days to narrate their exploits and 
record their intrepidity. The services of Captain 
Henderson, R.A.,^ will likewise be long remembered 

^ Now Colonel Henderson. 



SUPPEESSIOX OF THE IXSURRECTION 



135 



in New Zealand, as lie was on all occasions distin- 
gnished for skill and gallantry, while his capacity for 
command was no less conspicuous. 

The suppression of the insurrection being accom- 
plished, the governor then went to work vigorously to 
arrange the various and complicated land claims of 
the New Zealand Company. This was no easy 
matter, as the natives in many instances stoutly 
maintained that they were still the rightful owners 
of much of the territory claimed by the company. 
The governor, however, lent his aid and influence to 
the company in the settlement of these disputes, 
and even advanced funds on behalf of the Govern- 
ment to buy out the natives in order to give the 
company undisputed possession of some valuable 
lands. At the same time he conducted himself in an 
extremely hostile manner towards all who had 
obtained land under Governor FitzRoy's direct pur- 
chase proclamations in the north, and although Lord 
Grey, the Secretary of State for the Colonies, had in- 
structed him in the most direct terms that all pur- 
chases sanctioned by his predecessor were to be 
respected, he nevertheless treated many of them not 
only arbitrarily, but absolutely with injustice. In 
the south he permitted the natives to lease their 
lands direct to the colonists, while in the north he 
not only prohibited such a system, but inflicted the 
full penalty of the law on all colonists who trans- 
gressed. In this manner, practically. Governor 
FitzEoy's system was sanctioned in the south, while 
the same system was prohibited in the north. In 
these measures, therefore, respecting the tenure of 
land, his policy was practically of that character 
which is indicated in Lord Lauderdale's maxim, 



136 XETT ZE.^LAXD 

' Show me tlie man and I'll show you the law.' The 
old bitter rivalry between the company's settlements 
in the south, and the Government settlements in the 
north, still existed, but Sir George Grey, instead of 
acting justly and fairly towards both, cast his weight 
and influence, like the sword of Brennns. into one of 
the scales of the contending parties, and favom-ed the 
company and the south. 

]\Iany important and useful measures were enacted 
by the first Le^'islative Council held under the presi- 
dency of Sir George Grey in September 1S46. Xo 
measures of policy could, however, be introduced or 
discussed except by the Government, which conse- 
quently restricted all legislation merely to the will 
and pleasure of the governor. This system afforded 
an opportunity to a clever man to display his abilities 
for administration, as well as his talents for debate, 
as he was his own Prime Minister, and Colonial 
Secretary, as well as governor. One peculiar feature 
of Sir George Grey's character was developed on 
this occasion, and distinguished him during his 
whole career. "When any sound suggestions or 
practical observations were made by independent 
members, either in support of or in opposition to the 
Government, he never openly at the time accepted 
them, but on some future occasion he would adopt 
and embody them as his own. in measures introduced 
by himself. He displayed wonderful talent in seizing 
and appropriating the valuable information, original 
ideas, and practical views of others. He was not 
possessed of great intellectual powers, nor was he rich 
in original conceptions and ideas, nor distinguished 
for great force of character, but in the application to 
practical purjDOses of the knowledge and experience 



CHAEACTER OF THE GOTERXOR 



137 



of others^, as well as in tlie faculty of observing and 
waiting the development of events^ tlien attributing 
their natural operations to his personal interference, 
and claiming: the whole as the meritorious result of his 
foresight and policy, he was unrivalled. In this respect 
he even surpassed the famous Charles Montagu, 
^Yhig statesman in William and Mary's time, who was 
styled the daw in borrowed plumes. I do not blame 
him for availing himself of the enlightened views and 
sound practical suggestions of others, as his conduct 
in this respect is highly exemplary, and worthy of 
imitation by all men placed in power and authority. 
Without impairing his fame, or exposing himself to 
the risk of sacrificing a single rose fi^om the wreath in 
his cliaplet, it would have been more magnanimous, 
would have shown more elevation of sentiment, if he 
had acknowledged and appreciated the intelligence 
of those to whom he was in some measure indebted 
for the success of his policy. 

At this period he was eminently successful in 
conciliating the natives, if he did not inspire them 
with confidence in his measures. He made frequent 
tours through the country, visiting their pahs and 
villages, as well as receiving them at Government 
House on all occasions with the greatest hospitality 
and kindness. In this way he soon acquired a 
complete knowledge of their language and character, 
appreciated their display of patriotism, expressed a 
genuine pleasure in listening to their animated 
rehearsals of their traditions and leg-ends, and was 
amused at the troubadour style in which they 
recited their ballads and poetry; while he 
stimulated them by every means to educate their 
young chiefs, and many of them attended our schools 



138 



XEW ZEAL^iXD 



and were fairly educated. At this time they could for 
the most part read and write their own language 
fluently, and of a party consisting of sixty-five 
Maories, who were employed in building the barrack 
wall at Auckland, sixty-four could write their own 
language, and sixty-five could read it. 

They were now, except in a few instances, entbely 
denuded of arms and munitions of war, and the im- 
portation of such articles was prohibited, and ruinous 
penalties were inflicted by legislative enactment on 
all who violated this statutory law. From this cir- 
cumstance they had in a great measure abandoned 
their w^arlike and predatory habits, but, as they were 
endowed with great energy of character, mental as 
well as physical, and aware of the great pro]3erty 
they possessed in the country, were ambitious of 
maintaining that rank and distinction which they 
formerly held, they preferred a life of occupation to 
idleness and repose. 

They were on all occasions anxious to imitate us 
in our pursuits and amusements, and ^vere now 
animated with the laudable ambition to excel and 
compete with us, and share the prizes of colonial and 
civilised life. Indeed, by our example, and stimu- 
lated by a justifiable desire for wealth, they adopted 
and j)ersevered in peaceful and industrious pursuits, 
became the possessors of numerous coasting vessels, 
which they navigated themselves, and cultivated 
their lands, growing and reaping their crops of grain, 
as well as planting, hoeing and digging their 
potatoes. 

They employed our skilled mechanics to erect mills 
on their property, and were recompensed by the 
ability not only to supply themselves with food of 



NATIVES PEACEFUL AXD IXDUSTEIOUS 



139 



their own production, but to realise considerable 
sums by tlie sale of tbeir surplus stock in our markets : 
wbile their amour jjropre was gratified in owning 
sheep, cattle, and horses. In all parts of the country, 
north and south, they often rode in troops, well 
mounted, from their villages to our towns and settle- 
ments, and at our race meetings would enter their 
horses, and sometimes succeed in winning the race 
and stakes. These habits and pursuits having been 
adopted, the country might with advantage have 
remained a Crown colony under a governor observing 
ordinary discretion and exercising prudent forbear- 
ance, undisturbed for some length of time. Under 
any circumstances, it w^ould have been only just that 
previous to the introduction of constitutional and re- 
sponsible government, the political condition, rights 
and privileges of the natives as British subjects, 
should be clearly defined by the Imperial Parliament. 

The Mexicans and Peruvians, as well as the inha- 
bitants of the continent of America, including those 
islands discovered by Columbus, fell an easy prey to 
the cupidity and rapacity of the Spaniards under 
Cortes and Pizarro, and England appears to have 
adopted the policy of those leaders ; as ever since the 
time of Elizabeth, Englishmen have been held to 
justify the appropriation of remote lands unoccupied 
by any Christian prince or people. The Romans 
were in such aflPairs really more enlightened than we 
have been, as the inhabitants of every country they 
conquered were incorporated with the empire and 
became Eoman citizens, ^Ubi vincit Eomanus 
habitat.^ 

In this manner the empire was raised and built up 
to that pitch of greatness which to this day has 



140 



]S:STV ZEAL.iXD 



been the Troncler and admiration of tlie world. 
Cavour and Bismarck, in tlieir respective countries, 
liave in modern times only crowned tlie policy of 
ancient Eome, and profiting by snch an example, 
have succeeded in uniting and consolidating these 
hitherto fragmentary and rope-of-sand kingdoms, in 
this wa)^ reconstructing them into, that power and 
grandeur A^dlich now distinguish the mighty em- 
pires of Italy and Germany of the present day. 
In India, however, as well as in every country where 
colonies have been founded by England, the abori- 
ginal inhabitants had either been conquered or 
treated as a conquered race. Xew Zealand is the 
only exception to tliis rule. The Maori chiefs in good 
faith ceded the sovereignty of their country to the 
Queen, and in consideration she guaranteed to them 
all the rights and privileges of British subjects. 

At this time Lord Grey was Colonial Minister, and 
with his enlightened views on all colonial questions, 
confirmed by Lord Durham's famous report on the 
affairs of Canada then ringing in his ear^, he had 
introduced a bill into the Imperial Parliament to 
provide New Zealand with a constitutional and repre- 
sentative government. Some of the provisions of 
this charter were, however, not only framed expressly 
to exclude the natives from all political rights, but 
it contained a clause providing that all their unoc- 
cupied lands should be forfeited to the Crown. ^ The 
measure was consequentlj received in the colony by 
many influential people of both races with disappoint- 

^ This charter proTi'ded that no person should be capable of exercis- 
ing the elective franchise who could not read and write the English 
language, wlien there was not a native who could do so, although most 
of them could read and write their own language fluentlv. 



i 



BISHOP SELWYX 



141 



merit, dissatisfaction, and alarm. Amongst tliose wlio 
were dissatisfied were Bishop Selwyn and the Chnrch 
of Enofland missionaries, on behalf of the natives. 

The following protest against the introduction of 
this charter was therefore sent to the governor by 
Bishop Selwyn, with the usual request that it should 
be forwarded to Lord Grey, Secretary of State for the 
Colonies : — 

St. Jolm's College, Bishop's Auckland, July 1st, 1847. 

^ May it please Your Excellency, — I, George Augus- 
tus, by Divine permission Bishop of ZSTew Zealand, on 
my own behalf, and on behalf of the clergymen of this 
diocese, employed by Captain Hobson to interpret 
and explain the Treaty of Waitangi to the native 
chiefs of New Zealand, do hereby record my deliberate 
and formal protest against the principles expressed 
in a letter of instructions addressed by the Eight 
Hon. the Earl Grey to your Excellency, bearing date 
Downing Street, December 23, 1846, to the effect that 
" The savage inhabitants of New Zealand have no 
right of property in land which they do not occupy, 
and which has remained unsubdued to the purposes 
of man.'^ 

' Against this doctrine I feel myself called upon to 
protest as the head of the missionary body, by whose 
influence and representations the native chiefs were 
induced to sign the Treaty of Waitangi, not one of 
whom would have consented to act as an agent of 
the British Government if the assurances given to 
them by Captain Hobson had not been du^ectly con- 
trary to the principles now avowed by the Eight 
Hon. the Earl Grey. It is my duty also to inform 
your Excellency, that I am resolved, God being my 



142 



XEW ZEALAND 



lielper.'to use all legal and constitutional measures 
befitting my station, to inform tlie natives of Xew 
Zealand of their rights and privileges as British sub- 
jects, and to assist them in asserting and maintaining 
them, vrhether by petition to the Imperial Parliament, 
or other loyal or peaceful methods, but that in so 
doing I shall not forget the respect which I owe to 
your Excellency, nor do anything which can be con- 
sidered likely to add to the difficulties of the 
colony. 

' I have further to request that this communication 
may be forwarded to the Eight Hon. the Earl Grey, 
Secretary of State for the Colonies, with whom I am 
privileged to communicate through your Excellency. 
I have, &c. 

' G. A. Xew Zealaxd. 

'His Excellency, Captain Grey, S:c., 6cc., &:c.' 

This protest is no doubt sufficiently vehement in 
its character, the language forcible and expressive, 
and perhaps more characteristic of the high preroga- 
tive style of the ancient popes Hildebrand and 
Nicholas Breakspear, than of that of an English 
prelate of the middle of the nineteenth century. 
When, among other papers, it was laid before Parlia- 
ment, some members of the House of Commons viewed 
several passages in it, more particularly the old 
jDrelatical expression of ' God being my helper,^ as 
very strong, if not insolent, and were disposed to ex- 
claim, like the old Duke of Gloster in Shakspeare, 
^ Under my feet I stamp thy cardinal's hat, in spite of 
pope or dignities of Church.' Still it is justifiable 
when used in defence of an inferior and interesting 



1 



DESPATCHES TO E.IEL GEET 



143 



race, tlireateiied by England, miglity England, with 
injustice and oppression. 

At tlie same time Sir George Grey not only con- 
sidered the introduction of such a measure as alto- 
gether premature, but condemned in distinct and un- 
equivocal terms that portion of it which ignored 
the claims of the natives to the rights of British 
subjects, and despoiled them of their lands. He 
therefore succeeded in prevailing on Lord Grey to 
suspend for a time the introduction of this charter, 
if not in convincing him of the prudence of abandon- 
inor it altoo^ether. 

All honour is therefore due to Earl Grey for sus- 
pending its introduction, on being made aware of the 
injustice of some of its provisions to the natives, as 
no one could suppose that he would intentionally dis- 
franchise and oppress them after they had ceded the 
sovereignty of their country to the Queen upon the 
express stipulation that they were to be entitled to 
all the rights of British subjects. 

The following extracts from Sir George Grey^s 
despatches to Earl Grey in reference to this measure 
convey such a lucid and faithful sketch of the condi- 
tion and character of the natives at that period as 
to induce me to quote them. - 

Extracts of a despatch from Governor Grey to 
Earl Grey, dated 

' GoTernment House, Auckland, ]May 3, 1847. 

' Before stating the reasons on which these views 
are founded, I think it proper to mention that Her 
Majesty's native subjects in this country will certainly 
be exceedingly indignant at finding that they are 
placed in a position of inferiority to the European 



144 



XETV ZEALAlSt) 



population. Tliey Trill \iiidoubtedlj argiie^ as they 
now frequently do, that they not only cheerfully 
ceded the sovereignty of the country to the Queen, 
but that when attempts have been made, by some 
discontented tribes, to throw off the sovereignty of 
Great Britain, and that at a period when, from 
the smallness of the British force in the country, 
they had apparently some hopes of success, the 
principal chiefs came forward, and freely gave the 
services of themselves and their people, and shed their 
blood in assisting to maintain for Her Majesty that 
sovereignty which they had yielded to her. 

' Then it must be borne in mind, that the great 
majority of the native population can all read and 
write their own language fluently, that they are a 
people quite equal in natural sense and ability to the 
mass of the European population, that they are 
jealous and suspicious, that they now own many 
vessels, horses, and cattle, that they have in some 
instances considerable sums of money at their 
disposal, and are altogether possessed of a great 
amount of property in the country, of the value of 
which they are fully aware ; that there is no nation 
in the world more sensitive upon the subject of money 
matters, or the disposal of their property, and no 
people that I am acquainted with less likely to sit 
down quietly under what they may regard as in- 
justice, 

' At present the natives are quite satisfied with the 
form of government now existing, and as the chiefs 
have always ready access to the governor, and their 
representations are carefully heard and considered, 
they have practically a voice in the government, and 
of this they are well aware 3 but under the proposed 



i 



EAEL GKET's FIEST COXSTITUTIOX 



145 



constitution tliej would lose their power, and the 
governor would lose his influence over them ; in fact, 
the position of the two races would become wholly 
altered, and the governor would, I .fear, lose that 
power which I do not see he could well dispense 
with in a country circumstanced as this.' 

During this period of tranquillity and prosperity 
among all classes, including the natives, one of those 
incidental outrages characteristic of their condition 
as a fierce, and semi-barbarous race, occurred, and, but 
for the sound judgment and intrepidity of Captain 
Laye, 58th Eegiment,^ on the occasion, it would have 
involved the country in a formidable insurrection. 

It is said that if you scratch a Eussian you will 
find a Tartar, and without doubt if you scratch a 
New Zealander, you will find a savage. The disturb- 
ance originated in the circumstance of a midshipman 
of H.M.S. ^Calliope' having accidentally shot a 
native with a pistol. The wound being of a serious 
description, apprehensions were entertained of its 
proving fatal. The natives became excited, and it 
was found impossible to convince them that a deli- 
berate attempt had not been made to murder their 
relation. In accordance with their former customs, 
and their thirst for retaliation when exasperated, 
they demanded that blood should be taken for blood. 
Whilst in this state of excitement, six of them 
attacked the house of Mr. GilfiUan, a settler living 
about six miles from the township of Wanganui. 
Mr. Gilfillan escaped slightly wounded, but his wife, 
daughter, and two sons were barbarously murdered 
by the infuriated natives. Some of our native allies 
%vent in pursuit of the murderers, and apprehended 

^ 'Sovr Colonel Laje. Deputy Judge Advocate General. 
L 



146 



NEW ZEALAND 



five of tliem, who were delivered to the officer 
in command of the detachment at Wanganni. 
This officer likewise held the appointment of civil 
resident magistrate, bnt as Captain Laye had only a 
small force nnder his command, 170 men all told, 
and was satisfied that the prisoners would be rescued 
hy their friends if he attempted to forward them 
to Wellington, ninety miles distant, and that it 
would be impolitic to divide his small force, and 
forward them under an escort altogether insuffi- 
cient, he resolved on his own responsibility to try 
them by military law, and make their immediate 
punishment a striking example of the inexorable 
justice and supremacy of our laws. An inquest was 
therefore held on the mutilated bodies of the 
GilfiUans, and the coroner and jury returned a 
verdict of wilful murder against the prisoners. A 
court-martial was assembled immediately, consisting 
of seven officers : the prisoners, upon the clearest 
evidence, were found guilty. Four were sentenced to 
be hanged ; but the fifth, a boy, was, in consideration 
of his youthful years, sentenced to be transported 
for life. The finding and sentence of the Court were 
confirmed by Captain Laye, and the murderers were 
accordingly hanged the following morning. In the 
meantime their friends and a number of dissatisfied 
natives, relying on the assurance of assistance from 
Ehangahaita, a notorious rebel chief, had assembled 
in large force in order to rescue the prisoners, and took 
possession of the hills surrounding the settlement. 
They attacked the stockade, and for five hours kept 
up ail incessant fire on the place, but eventually were, 
in the most gallant manner, repulsed and driven off 
with considerable loss by the detachment of the 



XATIYE DISTURBANCE AT WAXGANUI 



147 



58th Regiment^ aided by a few armed settlers. In tliis 
manner the sound judgment and intrepid behaviour 
of Captain Laye dispirited the natives^ and impaired 
the force of the insurrection. In a fewweeks^ as the 
natives were really sensible fellows, peace was 
restored. 

Captain Laye's behaviour in this crisis evinced 
the possession of high qualities, valuable in a soldier, 
namely, a capacity for command as well as intre- 
pidity in action. It showed him to be one of those 
characters which rise with the occasion, acquiring 
force in emergency, and never more collected than 
when stimulated and confronted with difficulties and 
dangers. Sir George Grey, in a despatch to Earl 
Grey respecting this disturbance, appears to have 
appreciated Captain Laye's conduct. ' I should 
add, however,^ he writes, ^that the speedy and 
satisfactory termination of these disturbances must be 
in a great measure attributed to the firm and vigorous 
manner in which Captain Laye acted ; ^ and in another 
despatch he remarks, ' There is every reason to sup- 
pose that, had Captain Laye not acted in the firm 
and decided manner he did, a much more formidable 
and lengthened rebellion might have ensued in the 
southern portion of the island/ 

And Lord Grey, in reply, writes to Governor Grey 
in reference to this affair : 

' I have it especially in command to assure you of 
the sense which Her Majesty entertains of the firm- 
ness with which Captain Laye acted upon the occa- 
sion of the attack of the natives on the town of 
Wanganui, and of the gallant conduct of himself 
and detachment under his orders.' 

The colony in all the settlements now made rapid 

L 2 



148 



NEW ZEALAXD 



advance in wealth and population, and tlie south was 
distinguished for the enterprise and success of the 
colonists, and now began to take the lead of the 
northern settlements in the growth of wool and 
production of grain, which it has maintained ever 
since. The fine climate and abundant pastures of 
the Hawke's Bay district had attracted numerous 
settlers, while the Nelson settlement in the South 
Island, having recovered from the sad disaster at the 
Wairau, was making rapid progress, not only in 
pastoral pursuits but in agriculture. Enterprising 
colonists even found their way further south, to the 
remote settlement of Otago, hitherto viewed as the 
Ultima Thule of the colony, where only a few whalers 
and sealers had formerly taken up their residence. 
The quality of the Port Cooper cheese was already 
famous, not only in New Zealand but in Australia. 
If the power of the New Zealand Company had been 
broken in the struggle- with the Government, the 
mantle of their enterprise had fallen on the colonists, 
who from that day to this have never faltered in their 
colonising spirit, amidst unparalleled disasters and 
difficulties. 

In the north, at Auckland, which was still the seat of 
government, a greater degree of security was afforded 
by the introduction from England of a considerable 
number of military pensioners, with their families, 
who were located in villages round, on sites selected 
as salient points of defence, so as to afford complete 
protection to the settlement. Law and order were 
established on a firm basis, and life and property 
rendered as secure as in any part of England, and in 
a short time the country within a radius of ten miles 
was enclosed, partitioned and cultivated, abounding 



. PEOSPEEOUS COXDITIOX OF THE SETTLEMEXTS 149 

in parks, corn-fields and gardens^ as well as studded 
with villas and hamlets. 

The head-quarters of the 58th Regiment had lite- 
wise returned to New Zealand, and there were now 
two regiments stationed in the country,- one in the 
north and the other in the south. In order to com- 
plete the military arrangements, New Zealand was 
erected into a separate command, and Major- General 
George Dean Pitt, K.H., was sent from England with 
a head-quarters staff, to take command of all the 
forces in the colony. 

At this time, St. John's College, situated about six 
miles from Auckland, and where Bishop Selwyn 
resided, was a j>lace of interest and attraction. With 
private funds the Bishop had purchased many 
hundred acres of land, and in a rather blea^k but 
conspicuous situation had built the college, where 
a number of boys of both races, the sons of colonists 
and of Maori chiefs, were domiciled and educated. 
The Bishop's residence, unpretending in appearance, 
with few comforts — among them his library — was 
built of stone, but there were erected, in an irregular 
manner, numerous detached wooden buildings, for 
the accommodation of the masters and scholars, as 
well as for the convenience of all attached to the 
establishment. These were built in the Gothic style, 
with traceried windows, and included a small chapel, 
ecclesiastical in structure and sacerdotal in cha- 
racter, but in good taste, inclining in the direc- 
tion of, although not advancing too far in, the High 
Church style, where all assembled every morning at 
seven o'clock to prayers, including the Bishop and 
Mrs. Selwyn. 

The aspect of this cluster of buildings, from the 



150 



IS^EW ZEALAND 



Gothic style of architecture^ tlie traceried windows, 
gables and pinnacles^ cloisters and stiles, was Middle 
Age and abbey-like, and from its monastic repose 
highly ecclesiastical and characteristic. Aronnd this 
collection of dwellings was the college demesne or 
farm, where cattle, sheep, and poultry were seen 
grazing undisturbed in profuse and luxuriant pastures. 
The aspect of an English rural landscape was about 
the place, indicating primitive comfort and abund- 
ance. Situated on an eminence, it looked down on a 
scene as fair as can well be imagined. On one side 
the Gulf of Shouraki, studded with islands, was dis- 
played in all its captivating loveliness ; and although 
the college was situated in a secluded spot, not a ship 
or vessel of any kind could arrive or depart from the 
Auckland harbour without being observed. On the 
other side the view extended over the whole Isthmus, to 
the shores of the west coast, including the numerous 
villages and hamlets, volcanic hills, woods, lakes, and 
streams in the Auckland district, forming a diver- 
sified and magnificent landscape. 

In those primitive times, the Bishop was hospitable 
to all in a simple and cordial stjde. He was then young, 
full of life, vigorous and hopeful, and if his views and 
performances were of a too feudal and traditional 
Middle Age type to harmonise with the toils and 
struggles of our every-day life, he was animated with 
the fervour of religion, as well as with a sentiment of 
chivalry, which united with his indefatigable and 
self-imposed labours to make him highly esteem.ed 
by both races. And he may perhaps look back to 
those early days of action, exertion, and humble 
though dignified toil, as not the least happy period of 
his life, although he is now a spiritual peer of parlia- 



J4 



CATHOLIC AND WESLEYAX MISSIONS 151 

ment, clothed in purple and fine linen, and lodged in 
a palace. 

The Eoman Catholic prelate. Bishop Pompallier, a 
Frenchman, who had been in early life an officer in a 
dragoon regiment, was courteous and well-bred, after 
the fashion of his countrymen. Cosmopolitan in 
manners, sacerdotal in appearance, faithful to his 
order, and a devoted servant to the Church and his 
Holiness the Pope, he was the first of all our bishops 
who resided in the colony, having been in New 
Zealand before it became British territory. 

In the colony the Catholics are numerous as well 
as influential, and in that distant land, far away from 
the bigotry, prejudice, and religious strife prevailing 
in Europe, men in many instances reviling and hating 
their neighbour for the love of God, I have often, 
while maintaining in firmness and fidelity my own 
persuasion, been impressed with that sympathy and 
afi'ection for the Catholic Church which every en- 
lightened and unprejudiced mind must experience 
when reflecting on the many venerable and hallowed 
associations which distinguish the Church of our 
forefathers, more especially considering that in the 
dark ages, it was highly beneficial to mankind, and 
even at this day, it is hard to say whether England 
owes more to the Catholic religion or to the Eefor- 
mation. 

The Wesleyans had likewise built a coHege, a little 
more ambitious in style and perhaps a shade more 
practical in its management than the others. In the 
early times of 'Ne^j Zealand, the Wesleyan mission- 
aries had contributed much to that civilisation which 
led the way to its settlement as a British dependency. 
Many of them were conspicuous for practical good 



152 



NEW ZEALAXD 



sense, and some displayed fair abilities, while the 
Eev. Mr. BuUer is distinguished for talents and 
accomplishments that wonld compare not unfavour- 
ably with some of our English bishops. 

The Scotch Presbyterians, at the same time, had 
performed their part in the cause of religion and 
education. They erected a capacious kirk in the 
Greek order of architecture, as they consider a church 
built in the Gothic style to be an emblem of popery. 
Scotchmen in all colonies are famous for ^bigging 
kirks/ but they always appear to do so as much from 
the sense of nationality as from zeal for religion. 

The natives had likewise done their part, and with 
their own funds had built churches, as well as aided 
in erecting and establishing schools for the education 
of their children. 

In this manner the two races were brought to lire 
together in harmony and prosperity — ^the Englishman 
and New Zealander, the civilised man of the nine- 
teenth century and the Maori lately emerged from a 
state of extreme barbarism, vv^ho were never viewed 
or treated, nor would submit to be treated, as a con- 
quered race, and who, during the war in 1845-6, had 
joined with us in suppressing a formidable insurrec- 
tion, freely giving their services and sacrificing their 
lives in maintaining the Queen's authority, and in 
support of that sovereignty which they had frankly 
bestowed on condition of receiving the rights of 
British subjects. 

Some of the colonists may have been guilty of 
those faults from which civilised men who settle 
among the uncivilised are rarely entirely exempt, 
and that power which is based on superior intelligence 
may occasionally have been employed unworthily. 



RELATIONS BETTTEEX THE TTVO EACES 



153 



sometimes displayed with insolence or ignorance, and 
often with injustice, exhibiting the might of civili- 
sation without its generosity. But in general, at 
least among the intelligent classes, the natives were 
treated fairly, not only with civility But with kind- 
ness ; while on the other hand, the natives received 
the colonists with cordiality and hospitality. Al- 
though less criDie existed among them than amongst 
ourselves, they were jealous of our superiority, and 
when provoked and excited were disposed to redress 
their wrongs in their old style of retaliation — revenge 
for injuries, blow for blow, and blood for blood. But 
while fire-arms and the munitions of war were kept out 
of their hands, there were no grounds to apprehend, 
under a Government acting with ordinary discretion 
and exercising common forbearance, that any disturb- 
ance could arise involving the country in a war of ex- 
termination between the Maories and the colonists ; 
and at this period such was the confidence and security 
prevailing that the amalgamation of the two races 
appeared in a fair way to be peacefully and success- 
fully realised. 

I cannot describe in a more forcible manner the 
condition of friendship and security then existing 
than by quoting passages from a brief narrative 
written at the time of a tour which I made about 
that period into the interior. These extracts will 
at the same time show the primitive style in which 
such journeys were performed in those early days, 
and how a knowledge of the condition and character 
of the natives was obtained, as well as a familiarity 
with the geographical features of the country, and 
information respecting its natural history. 

' Having engaged five intelligent Maories to ac- 



loi 



XETT ZEALAXD 



company us as guides and carry our luggage, consist- 
ing of a small tent, carpet bag, a few cooking 
utensils, and a limited supply of provisions for our 
journey, tlie natives slung their pekaus on their 
shoulders, and set out for the Waikato. On the 
following day I left Auckland, and after a pleasant 
ride of twenty miles reached the inn at Papakura, 
the first stage in our journey, about sunset. 

' The next morning we mounted our horses and 
took the path for Tuakau, a native settlement on the 
banks of the Waikato river. On leaving Papakura, 
we at once passed beyond the limits of European 
settlement and civilisation. From that place to 
Tuimata, the country is open and easily travelled on 
horseback. On the west, in the direction of Waihuku, 
the country at one time must have been heavily 
timbered, as the remains of forest trees are still to be 
seen. Immediately on the east appear the chain of 
hills which intersect this part of the country, with 
their sloping sides sweeping down to the plain, 
beautifully wooded and in appearance resembling the 
Derbyshire country. 

' At some distance we observed the smoke of a 
native village curling above the trees, but the habita- 
tion of civilised man was nowhere to be seen. The 
native pah of Tuimata is a wretched-looking place 
with few inhabitants, and the situation in no way 
remarkable, except its convenience for wood and 
water, Avhich is a sine qua non in a Maori Kiangi. 
We halted here for a couple of hours, in order to 
give our natives some rest after their morning march. 
The old chief was hospitable and presented us with 
potatoes and water melons, and we dined by the side 
of a brook under the shade of a large tree, which 



A TOUR IX THE IXTEPJOE 



155 



afforded convenient shelter from the scorching rays 
of a noonday sun. 

' On resuming our journey we immediately entered 
a wood^ through which the pathway leads^, with the 
exception of one or two openings, for upwards of ten 
miles. This pathway is both narrow and crooked, 
and although easily travelled on foot, is not well 
adapted for horseback, for in addition to the trouble 
of keeping your horse as well as rider clear of trees 
and underwood, numerous ravines and streams have 
to be crossed, which renders this manner of travelling 
tedious and unpleasant. With some difficulty, and 
occasionally finding our horses floundering in quag- 
mires, we made our way by swamp, stream, and 
woodland, and reached the open country before sun- 
set, when we pulled up for a short time, in order to 
allow the natives, who had fallen behind, to overtake 
us. They soon after made their appearance, but sat 
down and refused to proceed further, as they alleged 
they were quite fatigued with their long march and 
heavy pekaus (knapsacks), and strongly urged the 
necessity of encamping for the night where we stood. 
The poor fellows had good grounds for complaining, 
and after an hour's ride through a fine and open 
country, intersected with numerous streams, we ar- 
rived at the native settlement of Tuakau, a little after 
sunset. Our natives were not far behind, and as soon 
as they arrived they unslung their pekaus, and made 
preparation for encampment. While one party was 
pitching our tent and making our beds of fern, 
another was kindling a fire, on which was placed the 
tea kettle. In half an hour after our arrival we were 
comfortably seated on a log of wood before a blazing 
wood fire, enjoying a good smoke a^nd a pannikin of 



156 



SEW ZJIXLASB 



warm tea. The Maories of tlie village came to look at 
the strangers, and vre had a numerous party of men, 
women and children assembled roundour fire, who con- 
tinued talking and smokino^ lonof after we went to bed. 

^ We got up at daybreak the following morning. 
While the Maories were preparing breakfast, I strolled 
about the settlement and the adjoining demesne. 
The Maori Kiangi, or village, of Tuakau, is one of the 
poorest description, and, with the exception of its 
small enclosures of cultivated ground, is not superior to 
the encampment of a tribe of wandering gipsies so 
frequently to be seen in some of the remote places in 
England and Scotland. Its population is not nume- 
rous, and those we saw seemed of an inferior class. 
The country, however, is very fine, consisting of open 
fern glades Avith patches of wood. 

' There was a dense fog hanging over the bed of 
the Waikato, which concealed it for some time from 
view, but as the morning advanced the fog cleared 
oflF, and I got a sight of the river through am opening 
of the wood on its banks, about a quarter of a mile 
distant. At this spot, and on the Tuakau side of 
the river, the country still retains the level and un- 
dulating English landscape character which is the 
distinguishing feature in its appearance fi'om Auck- 
land to the Waikato, with the exception that the 
greatest part of it is covered with woods and fern, 
and still in a state of nature. But a short distance 
below Tuakau, the aspect of the country is very much 
changed. The basin of the Waikato expands into a 
valley, the undulations swell into hills, clothed with 
the magnificent foliage of a New Zealand forest, 
extending to the banks of the river, and ascending 
the precipices, which, with the windings of the stream, 



A TOUK IX THE IXTEEIOR 



157 



from two to thi^ee hundred yards broad, form one of 
the finest views of river scenery that it is possible to 
imagine. After breakfast we strnck onr tent, and 
proceeded to Eakuwaitiri, which is three miles above 
Tuakan. At this place we again reached the chain 
of hills we saw in the early part of onr jonrney, which, 
after ranging regnlarly across the country, are 
terminated by bold cliffs on the northern shores of 
the Waikato. We crossed the river at this place, 
which is abont one hnndi^ed yards in breadth, expect- 
ing to find a canoe prepared for onr jonrney, bnt 
were mnch disappointed when informed that from 
some mistake it had not been provided, and there 
was none to be obtained. After some vexation and 
delay, we, however, procured one from some natives, 
who, fortunately for ns, arrived jnst while Ave were 
deploring onr fate. Everything was soon placed in 
order, and the passengers, consisting of five Maories 
and two Europeans, having taken their seats, the 
canoe was launched, and the Maories plying their 
paddles, we swept along on the smooth waters of the 
broad Waikato. In fine weather, it is pleasant 
travelling in a canoe, and the natives show great 
dexterity in navigating them. The canoes are 
scooped out of solid trees, and some of them are 
sixty, seventy, and eighty feet in length, but those of 
this large size are 'Wakatua,' or war canoes, and 
seldom used except on state occasions. These are 
capable of carrying from forty to fifty natives, and 
are invariably smeared over with a kind of red ochre, 
and handsomely ornamented with a profusion of sea- 
fowl feathers, hanging gracefully from a small pole 
three or four feet high, fixed in the prow, which is 
decorated with grotesque figures of men and animals. 



158 



XEW ZEALAXD 



The canoes are all made tliiek and strong at the 
bottom, and tapering to a i3oint at the prow and 
stern, in order to give as little resistance to the 
water as possible, and when the breeze is favourable, 
sails as well as paddles are nsed in navigating them. 

' Although the midcnrrent of the Waikato below 
the confluence of the Waipa is easily withstood or 
overcome, and does not run more rapidly than from 
one to three miles an hour, and only at the latter 
rate in the bends and windings of the river, the 
natives, in order to avoid its influence, ascend 
along its banks, often so close as to admit of their 
leaping on shore and into their canoes without 
stopping. In this way we ascended the river, rapidly 
or slowly, as the Maories were in humour, but an 
average speed of from three to four miles an hour 
could easily and without effort be maintained for any 
length of time. It may be observed, however, that 
the river at this season was rather low, but its 
ordinary bed was completely covered, and there 
appeared no indications of its being greatly below its 
average level. In our progress, at the bends and 
turnings of the river we occasionally met with 
shallows and sandbanks, which retarded us a little, 
as in such places the channel shifts from side to side, 
and the Maories had sometimes, although not often, 
to leap into the water and explore in order to find it 
out; but if the river were surveyed and properly 
marked out, a channel from two to three feet 
deep would be found for at least 130 miles, as large 
canoes, heavily loaded, and drawing three feetjof water, 
are frequently navigated upwards of that distance in 
all seasons. I think, therefore, that a steamer draw- 
ing from two to two and a half feet, might easily 



A TOUR IX THE IXTEEIOE 



159 



navigate the Waikato in all periods of tlie year. The 
river is comparatively free from snags and sunken 
trees^ and the fevr impediments to navigation existing 
of this description are unimportant^ and could be 
easily removed; but in no instance did vre encounter, 
or even observe, floating timber or any obstacles in 
the character of driftvrood. Above the confluence of 
the Waipa it is usually called the Horatu, from the 
name of that district, and here the current is strong 
and rapid, but much deeper and wholly clear of 
shallows and sandbanks. 

' The breadth of the river, averaging from one 
hundred to one hundred and fifty, and extending in 
some of the reaches to three hundred yards, surprises 
a stranger, and this feature in its character is main- 
tained throughout a great part of its course, being a 
hundred yards broad and very deep immediately 
above its confluence with the Waipa, which is from 
eighty to ninety miles distant from the sea by the 
course of the river. The Waikato, with its numerous 
tributary streams, must drain a considerable extent 
of country, which, however, can hardly account for 
its size ; but the great Taupo lake, situated at a con- 
siderable elevation near the centre of the island, and 
in extent almost an inland sea, being twenty-five miles 
long and from ten to fifteen broad, is its alleged chief 
source. After leaving the lake, and flowing nearly two 
hundred miles through the finest portion of the island, 
intersecting in its course the extensive and fertile 
plains of the Waipa, and rendering available the inex- 
haustible coal-fields which for miles line its margin, 
the Waikato falls into the sea on the west coast about 
thirty miles south of the Manakau. The natives, 
however, with their love for the marvellous, deny that 



160 



NEW ZEALAND 



Lake Taupo is the source of tlie Waikato, -which is 
to be found, they allege, about twenty miles to the 
south of it, near Tongariro, a mountain seven thousand 
feet high, whose lofty summit is almost perpetually 
covered with snow. They describe the stream which 
flows from near the base of this mountain into Taupo 
as the Waitato, and say that its course, by a differ- 
ence in temperature and colour, can easily be traced 
through the waters of the lake to the opposite side, 
and that the Waikato flows through Taupo in the 
same manner as the Rhone through the lake of 
Geneva. But this story requires confirmation. It 
is, however, not improbable that the melting of the 
snow on a mountain like Tongariro, which, in addition 
to its great height, is an active volcano, always 
smoking, and sometimes sending forth flames, may 
constantly feed and occasionally swell the lake and 
raise it above its level, thereby causing it to flow with 
greater rapidity into the channel of the Waikato, 
which on leaving the lake is upwards of thirty yards 
broad. The Maori story is, however, not to be de- 
spised, as they observe with accuracy any unusual 
occurrence in natural history.^ 

The Waikato is the largest river in New Zealand, 
and by the removal of some obstructions in its course, 
and the formation of a few locks, would be rendered 
navigable from Lake Taupo to the sea. There is, 
however, a bar at the entrance of the river, as in all 
the harbours on the west coast of New Zealand, 
which renders it available only for vessels of light 
draught. 

• In Maori songs and traditions the district of the 

^ The Maori story regarding the source of the Waikato has been eon- 
firmed and placed beyond doubt. 



A TOUE IX THE IXTERIOE 



161 



Waikato is celebrated for its fertility^ numerous 
villages, and large population, as well as distin- 
guislied for the warlike character of its chiefs. The 
great Te Whero Whero is its acknowledged chief, but 
it is the home of many others of rank and authority. 

' After paddling up the river for two or three hours 
we desired the natives to look out for a convenient 
spot for a dinner encampment, and they were not long 
in finding one. On such occasions the canoe is in the 
first place made fast to the river's bank, when the 
natives go on shore and commence operations by 
collecting fuel for a fire, which is soon kindled, and 
then begin to cook the viands. The bill of fare usually 
consists of potatoes, kumeras, and wild duck, all of 
which, except the kumeras, are obtained in great 
abundance, and may be called the indigenous fare of 
the Waikato. In addition, the Pakehas take care to 
furnish a supply of foreign luxuries, such as pre- 
served meats and other good things, and tins of soup 
and salmon are at hand to vary the course, which is, 
however, seldom required. When the dinner waits, 
the Maories begin in native fashion, but the Pakehas 
provide themselves with knives and forks, and each 
is furnished with two tin pannikins, one as a plate 
and the other as a drinking cup. In fine weather, a 
dinner party on the banks of the river is a very 
pleasant affair, and relieves to a certain extent an 
excursion of this kind from its somewhat monotonous 
character. We were soon after in our canoe, and 
proceeded at our usual rate up the river until sunset, 
when we encamped for the night in an opening of the 
woods. Our night encampments were made in places 
affording shelter and fuel ; and after pitching our tent 
and concluding the labours of the day, we sat talking 

M 



162 



NEW ZEALAKD 



to the natives for a short time round their camp fire. 
We always went early to bed, the Pakehas to their 
tent and the Maories lying round the fire, or under a 
tree, wrapped up in their blankets. 

' Soon after sunrise the following morning we were 
paddling up the river, and in passing a canoe moored 
to its banks, we observed a number of Maories as- 
sembled round a fire, w^ho, like ourselves, appeared to 
have been encamped for the night in their journey 
up the river. We breakfasted on a pleasant spot, 
where a number of Maories had taken up their tem- 
porary residence — a kind of marine abode, I suppose, 
and they gave us some fruit which in taste and 
flavour resembled the juniper berry. They likewise 
pointed out to us a tree with flowers of dififerent 
colours, some purple and some green. We encamped 
this evening at a place called " Randalls,^' w^here a 
person of that name resided, and who was styled by 
our natives a " Pakeha Maori.'' The Pakeha Maori 
is a specimen of a class which at one time were 
numerous in New Zealand, and in the early daj^s of 
the settlement were frequently to be found in the 
Waikato district, but now are almost extinct. They 
were probably originally traders, but had become so 
accustomed to the native mode of living that they 
had lost all relish for any regular occupation, and 
preferred the freedom and independence of savage 
life to industry and civilisation. This class usually 
lived under the protection of some chief in native 
fashion, having a wahine for a wife, and a troop of 
half-caste children, who were all brought uj) as 
Maories. 

^ At the confluence of the Waipa with the Waikato 
the river is broad and deep, and although the current 



A TOUE IX THE IXTERIOE 



163 



is, somewhat rapid there is not a ripple to be seen, 
and the surface of the uniting streams appears as 
smooth as if oil had been thrown over the mino'lino^ 
waters. The junction takes place at the extremity 
of an extensive table-land, terminating in a point and 
cliff, about twenty feet above the level of the rivers. 
The cliff is apparently of a permanent description, as 
it bears no marks of being worn away by the action 
of the two streams. This point commands the rivers, 
and a couple of field-pieces placed here could sweep 
the streams below and sink everything that ap- 
proached it. The natives kept our canoe close to 
the opposite shore, on the left bank of the river, and 
then, ascending a little way above the confluence of 
the two streams, put about, and shooting boldly 
downwards across the deep, broad, and rapid current, 
entered the still waters of the Waipa ; then, resting 
on their paddles, and raising their hoarse and loud 
voices, they shouted again and again, Good-bye, 
Waikato.'^ 1 

' The Waipa, for ten miles above its confluence with 
the Waikato, is twenty or thirty yards broad, having 
perpendicular banks covered with fern, open, without 
timber, and is deep and still as a canal. We entered 
the river at sunset and swept along its smooth waters 
at a rapid rate. We arrived at a native settlement 
shortly after dusk, and, making our canoe fast to a 
post, we climbed up its steep bank and were hos- 

^ The Maories attached great importance to this spot, and it was the 
seat of goTernment of the Maori kings. When it was taken and confis- 
cated after the^war, the Government changed its name and called it New 
Castle. It is still, however, known by both races as ' Grnarawahia/' 
which is its descriptive appellation, and it is to be hoped the Grovern- 
ment will confirm the good taste displayed by the people in wishing 
retain its ancient appropriate and beautiful name, 

M 2 



164 



XE'W ZEALAXD 



IDitably received by the natives, who gave us a fire 
and a large basket of roasted potatoes, which were 
very acceptable to onr native allies. In the early 
part of oiir journey we took to brandy to refresh ns 
after being fatigued, but soon abandoned it, as we 
found tea a far more refreshincr beverage on all 
occasions than spirits of any kind. The next day 
we ascended the river, which, except being partially 
wooded on its banks, varies little in appearance, and 
is from fifteen to twenty yards broad and of a good 
depth twenty-five miles from the "Waikato. Its 
coui'se is, however, very crooked, with innumerable 
bends, but without shoals and sandbanks, although 
there are more snags or sunken trees than in the 
Waikato. At the same time, it is perfectly available 
for steam navigation. The native population is con- 
siderable, and numerous kiangas, or villages, appear 
on its margin, but there is no pah of any importance, 
except "Whata THiata, which is regularly fortified 
after ]\Iaori fashion, and must have been a foiinidable 
place in the fighting days of past times. We landed 
at that place and recognised the chief a-s an old 
accjuaintance, whom we had formerly seen in some of 
his visits to Auckland. He received us with Maori 
hospitality, taking much j)leasure in showing us over 
his fort and domain, and pointing out his plans of 
contemplated improvement, particularly the erection 
of a flour mill, which appeared to him to be a veiy 
important affair. 

^ The foUowino' morning* we were earlv in our canoe, 
and reached the residence of Mr. Cowal, which is 
about forty miles by the course of the river from the 
Waikato. 

' The AVaipa plains consist of an extensive pla-teau, 



A TOUR IX THE IXTEEIOR 



165 



or table-land, part of whicli is comprised in a delta, 
formed by the two navigable rivers, the Waikato and 
the Waipa. The plains are known by the general 
name of the Waipa, and consist of volcanic and 
alluvial lands, which in extent cannot be estimated 
at less than 1,000,000 acres, available 'either for 
pasture or cultivation, and not more than seventy 
miles from Auckland by compass. Mr. Cowal fur- 
nished us with horses, and in riding across the country 
we kept the usual bridle path over the plains, which 
was rather circuitous, and at one place in our 
journey, in order to avoid a large swamp, had to 
ascend some small hills at the base of Maungatautiri, 
from the hiofhest of which we obtained a mao-nificent 
view of the country, and looked down on the jDlains 
below as on a map, dotted with native villages, 
interspersed with clumps of forests, and intersected 
with streams and rivers, which, in the brightness of 
the cloudless sunshine, glittered like fountains of 
liquid silver. Our view extended in one direction over 
the v^hole delta of the Waipa and Waikato, and 
towards the south-west, in the direction of the Mokau 
Eiver, it was altogether unbroken, and bounded only 
by the horizon. We could not resist the attractions 
of this enchanting view, and passed away some time 
admiring the scene, but no language can adequately 
describe its incomparable beauty. Before we got to 
our journey's end it was long past sunset : there was a 
bright moon, however, which, along with our guide, 
showed us the pathway, and we arrived at the native 
settlement of Maungatautiri, wrayworn and weary, 
although we had enjoyed our ride amazingly. The 
natives here were numerous — tall, powerful and hand- 
some fellows, jaunty and independent in style, but 



166 



XEW ZEALAJS-D 



friendly and well disposed. We remained a day at I 
this place, and experienced some difficulty in en- 
gaging a canoe to take ns down the river, as the 
natives alleged it would take them three days in 
returning, as the current is strong and rapid. After 
leaving Maungatautiri, we soon reached the Waikato, 
where we found our canoe prepared and waiting for 
us, and mustered rather a strong party, numbering, 
besides three of our own natives, five new allies. 
Having the current with us, we descended the river 
easily, and soon arrived at the rapids. The natives 
informed us that in descending this part of the river, 
as it was considered rather dangerous, the Pakehas 
always left the canoe and walked down the banks ; 
but we saw no danger, and told the natives if they 
were safe in the canoe we could run no risk, and 
remained. When we approached the rapids, two 
natives took their places at the stern of the canoe 
with a long paddle, in order to steer with firmness, and 
as soon as we began to descend, the natives plied their 
paddles with great vigour and effect, and the steers- 
men keeping the canoe steady in the.descent we shot 
down with great swiftness, covered with foam and 
spray, but were soon in safety in smooth water. In 
like manner we passed down two similar rapids. 
These rapids, although not of a formidable character, 
yet require dexterity in handling a canoe, in order to 
ensure safety in making the descent. After clearing 
the rapids, we glided swiftly down the stream, and 
arriving at a landing-place, which our new allies 
represented to be a convenient spot for a dinner 
encampment, we landed, and while the natives were 
employed in their cooking operations, we strolled 



A TOUPw IX THE IXTEPJOE 



167 



about the coiintrYj whicli in every direction appeared 
level and fine, as well as of great extent. 

' On resuming our journey, the natives made up 
V for tlieir delay on shore, and the eight stalwart 
fellows exerted themselves, and bending to their 
paddles swept down the stream in gallant style for a 
couple of hours, at the rate of not less than from 
twelve to fifteen miles an hour. In this part the 
Waikato is much deeper than below its confluence 
with the Waipa, in some places nearly as broad, and 
is navigable for thirty or forty miles above the 
junction of the two rivers. The natives continued to 
ply their paddles until we arrived at Kaitotohe, a 
little after sunset, where we found our two natives, 
who had faithfully returned with our canoe and the 
heavy baggage, which we had left under their charge 
near the source of the Waipa.' ^ 

The Governor, Captain Grey, who in the order of 
things which had sprung from the disturbed condi- 
tion of New Zealand had become distinguished, was 
created a Knight of the Bath. Unaided by the 
advantages of high birth or family influence, he was 
at this early period of his life thus rewarded for his 
meritorious services, and deservedly stood high in 
public estimation. I was present as a spectator at 
the ceremony of his installation, which took place on 
the lawn in front of Government House, in presence 
of a large party of ladies, a great number of civilians, 

^ The country described in this tour has now been settled and 
occupied by a European population, while that portion of it from 
Auckland to the Waikato is already covered with villages and home- 
steads, and the railway now in progress will soon be completed. More 
than one steamer runs on the W^aikato and W^aipa, and the district is 
becoming rapidly peopled, while its natural advantages are turned to the 
best account by the introduction of all the arts of civilised life. 



168 



XEW ZEALAND 



all the military, and many of tlie Maori chiefs, who 
viewed the ceremony with characteristic gravity and i 
dignified demeanour. A great change has taken 
place in the appearance and condition of the 
conntrv since that time. Auckland was then a 
straggling village, the country around it partially 
enclosed and half-cultivated, with here and there a 
native whariey where numbers of half-clad Maories fre- 
quently assembled. New Zealand was in those days 
a remote dependency, with uncertain and unfrequent 
communication with the mother country, a land of 
noble savages, and the youngest, although not the 
least important, of England's colonies. 

Auckland has now grown into a large commercial 
town, with a harbour crowded with shipping, the 
markets swarming with buyers and sellers, and the 
streets thronged with people engaged in business or 
pleasure. In the neighbourhood, numerous villas, 
surrounded with lawns, gardens and vineyards, 
accompanied by all the arts of refined life, meet the 
view in every direction. There is now direct steam 
communication with England twice a month. 

There were some circumstances connected with 
this ceremony which rendered it more than usually 
attractive. Sir George Grey at that time was not 
only the youngest knight, but the most youthful 
man of the Order, and had won his spurs by his own 
merit and personal achievement. He was then 
ambitious and self-reliant, his career successful and 
brilliant, and he appeared justly proud of this mark 
of royal approbation, as well he might be, for it had 
fallen to the lot of few men at his years to be created 
Knight of the Bath. When the pomp and pageantry 
were over, and after he had received the congratula- 



COLOXIAL KEPEESEXTATIVE MEX 



169 



tions of his friends, and tie applause of the spectators, 
I observed his wile, then young and beautiful, select 
a quiet opportunity to take the hand of her new- 
made knight, and wish him joy of his honours^ 
which appeared not the least touching part of the 
ceremony. 

In State aflPairs, wien matters go wrong and a 
country sinks into anarchy and confusion through 
misgovernment, Eiaglishmen in every age have been 
zealous to appreciate merit and confer distinctions 
and honours on those engaged in la carriere oiiverte 
aux talents^ and who have been successful in redu- 
cing chaos to order, establishing peace, and restoring 
confidence and prosperity. And unless some gross 
outrage or violation of the law has been committed 
in jDerforming such services, they do not enquire too 
minutely by what means the evils have been extin- 
guished, or how such a condition of harmony has 
been achieved. It is enough for them to know that 
a state of confusion and suffering had existed, that 
it disappeared, and th^ are only too glad to learn 
that security and tranquillity once more prevail. 
The great mass of the people are usually satisfied 
with a state of prosperity, and in quelling an insur- 
rection like that in Kew Zealand, they are not 
disposed to criticise too severely the measures, or fi nd 
fault with the remedy, which have led to results so 
satisfactory. If such a standard of policy approach 
closely to the verge of that vulgar test of merit, 
success, and the boundary which separates expe- 
diency from principle may appear too narrow, it 
must be allowed that sometimes practically in 
political matters ' thin partitions do their bounds 
divide,' but it is often the view which guides statesmen 



170 



NEW ZEALAND 



in the administration of public affairs. If these 
opinions prevail in reference to such matters in 
England^ thej are applied in far greater force -when 
the condition of a distant colony like New Zealand 
is brought under consideration^ and English states- 
men can then only judge of the policy or impolicy of 
measures by the result. Although Sir George Grey's 
career had sometimes exposed him to criticism, cen- 
sure, and even to strong condemnation, still his ad- 
ministration of the affairs of the colony was direct 
and forcible, if not always judicious and magnani- 
mous, and the result, compared with the past, was a 
great and successful achievement. 

Among the early colonists there were many accom- 
plished gentlemen distinguished for intelligence and 
enterprise, who, from having been exposed from 
time to time to all the perils and vicissitudes of New 
Zealand colonisation, had acquired great experience 
and knowledge in its State affairs, and the characters 
of some of the present colonial representative men 
were formed and developed in those stirring and 
eventful times. In noticing these men. Colonel 
William Wakefield and Captain Arthur Wakefield, 
who represented the New Zealand Company, although 
long since passed away, cannot be forgotten, as they 
were remarkable for their practical talents and good 
sense. At that time. Sir Charles Clifford, the first 
Speaker of the General Assembly, as well as Mr. 
Stafford, Mr. Fitzherbert, Dr. Featherston and Mr. 
Fox, had distinguished themselves in colonial politics, 
and Sir David Munro at that early period was remark- 
able for his refined and intellectual accomplishments, 
besides the gifted Sir Francis Dillon Bell, and a 
host of others, all famous in the annals of the colony. 



COLOXIAL EEFEESEXTATIVE ^iEX 



171 



If there were not in tlie north such a number of 
brilliant and accomplished representative men, there 
were many distin^ished for force of character, and 
conspicuous in developing* the resources of the 
country. But in the early days of New Zealand, 
none excelled the late Dr. Martin, of Auckland, as a 
colonial representative man, as he was highly gifted, 
and possessed those literary attainments for which 
so many of the Celtic race of Scotland have been 
distinguished. 



The second and concluding volume will be shortly 
published, containing sketches of the settlements of 
Otago and Canterbury ; the introduction of con- 
stitutional government ; the great native war — ter- 
mmation of hostilities ; prosperous condition of the 
colony — its future welfare, and probable early de- 
velopment into a great nation. 



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INDEX 



ACTOX'S Modern Cookery 28 

AIRD'S BfHckstoue Economised 2^^ 

ALLEN'S Four Discourses of Chrysostom .. 22 

Allies on Formation of Christendom .... 2*2 

Alpine Guide (The) 24 

Amos'S Jurisprudence ^ 

ARNOLD'S Manual of EngUsh Literature . . J 

Authority and Conscience 20 

Autumn Holidays ot a Country Parson .... 9 

Ayee's TreasTuy of Bible Knowledge 21 

Bacon's Essays, by Whately 6 

Life and Letters, by Sped DING .. 0 

Works, edited by Spbdding 6 

Bain's Logic, Deductive and Inductive 10 

Mental and Moral Science 10 

on «the Senses and Intellect 10 

Ball's Alpine Guide 23 

Bayldon's Rents and Tillages 19 

Becker's Charicles and Gallus 25 

Bbnfey's Sanskrit Dictionary 8 

Black's Treatise on Brewing 28 

Blackley's German-English Dictionary . . 8 

Blaine's Rural Sports 26 

Veterinary Art » 27 

Bloxaji's Metals 1- 

Booth's Saint-Simon 3 

BOULTBEE on 39 Articles 20 

Bourne's Catechism of the Steam Engine . 19 

Handbook of Steam Engine .... 19 

Improvements in the Steam 

Engine 1^ 

. Treatise on the Steam Engine .. 19 

BOWDLER'S Family Shakspeare 26 

Braddon'S Life in India 23 

BRAiiLEY-MooRE's Six Sisters of the 

Valleys '^^ 

Brande'S Dictionary of Science, Litera- 
ture, and Art 

Bray's Manual of Anthropology 10 

Philosophy of Necessity 10 

on Force 1^ 

Bree'S Fallacies of Darwinism l^ 

Browne's Exposition of the 39 Articles.... 21 

Brunel's Life of Brunel 5 

Buckle's History of Civilization 4 

Miscellaneous Writings 8 

Bull's Hints to Mothers 28 

Maternal Management of Children 28 

BUNSEN'S God in History 3 

Prayers 20 

Burgomaster's Family (The) 24 

Burke s Rise of Great Families 6 

Vicissitudes of Families 

Burton's Christian Church. 4 

Cabinet Lawj^er • ^ 



Campbell's ]^k)rway 23 

Cates's Biographical Dictionary 

and Woodward's EncycloptEdia 4 

Cats' and Farlie's Moral Emblems 18 

Changed Aspects of Unchanged Truths .... 9 

Chesney's Indian Polity 8 

~ Waterloo Campaign 2 

Chorale Book for England 17 

Christ the Consoler 20 

Clough's Lives from Plutarch 2 

Codrington's (Admiral) Memoirs 4 

COLENSO (Bishop) on Pentateuch 22 

On Speaker's Bible Commentary 20 

CoLLiNS's Perspective 18 

CoLOME's Slave Catching 23 

Commonplace Philosopher, by A. K. H. B. 

Conington'S Translation of the ^Jneid. ... 25 

Miscellaneous Writings 9 

CONTANSEAU'sFrench-EnglishDictionaries 8 

Conybeare and Howson's St. Paul 21 

Cotton's (Bishop) Life 4 

Cooke's Grotesque Animals 17 

Cooper's Surgical Dictionary. 16 

Copland's Dictionary of Practical Medicine 17 

Cotton's (Bishop) Memoir 4 

Counsel and Comfort from a City Pulpit. ... 9 

Cox's Aryan Mythology 3 

Tale of the Great Persian War 2 

Tales of Ancient Greece 25 

and Jones's Popular Romances .... 24 

Tales of Teutonic Lands 24 

Creasy on British Constitutions 3 

Cresy's Encyclopaedia of Civil Engineering 19 

Critical Essays of a Country Parson 9 

Crookes on Beet-Root Sugar 17 

'S Chemical Analysis 15 

Culley's Handbook of Telegraphy 19 

CUSACK'S History of Ireland 3 

Davidson's Introduction to New Testament 21 

Dead Shot (The), by Marksman 26 

Decaisne and Le Maout'S Botany 14 

De Morgan's Budget of Paradoxes 11 

Denison's Vice-Regal Life 1 

Disraeli's Lord George Bentinck 5 

Novels and Tales 24 

DOBSON on the Ox 27 

Dove on Storms 12 

DoW'ELL on Stamp Duties 28 

Doyle's Fairyland 17 

Drew's Reasons of Faith 20 

Eastlake's BQnts on Household Taste. ... 18 

Gothic Revival 18 

Eaton's Musical Criticism 5 

Eden's Queensland 23 

Edwards's Travels in Tyrol 23 



30 



NEW WORKS PUBLISHED BY LONGMANS and 00. 



Elements of Botany ]5 

Ellicott's Commentary on Ephesians.... 21 

. — Galatians .... 21 

______ Pastoral Epist. 21 

PMlippians, &c. 21 

. Thessalordans 21 

Lectures on the Life of Christ. . 21 

Eeichsen's Surgery 16 

EvAXS's Ancient Stone Implements 13 

Ewald's History of Israel 21 

FAIEBAII12?'s Applications of Iron 19 

________ Information for Engineers . . 19 

Mills and Mill work 19 

Faraday's Life and Letters 5 

FiTZWTGRAM on Horses and Stables 26 

Fowler's Collieries and Colliers 28 

Francis's Fishing Book 26 

Freshtield's Travels in the Caucasus.... 23 

Froude's English in Ireland 1 

History of England 1 

Short Studies on Great Subjects 9 

Gamgee on Horse- Shoeing 27 

Ganot's Elementary Physics 12 

Natural Philosophy 12 

GARROd's Materia Medica 17 

Gilbert's Cadore, or Titian's Country .... 23 

Gilbert and Churchill's Dolomites .... 23 

Girdlestone's Bible Synonymes 20 

Gledstoxe's Life of Whitefield 5 

GODDARD's Wonderful Stories 25 

Goldsmith's Poems, Illustrated 25 

Goodeve's Mechanism 12 

Graham's Autobiography of Milton .... 5 

View of Literature and Art .... 3 

GRANT'sEthics of Aristotle ' 6 

Graver Thoughts of a Country Parson 9 

Gray's Anatomy 16 

Greenhow on Bronchitis 16 

Griffin's Algebra and Trigonometry .... 12 

Griffith's Fundamentals 20 

Grove on Correlation of Physical Forces . . 13 

GURNEY's Chapters of French History .... 2 

Gwilt's Encyclopaedia of Architecture .... IS 



HARE on Election of Representatives 7 

HARTWIG'S Harmonies of Nature 14 

Polar World 14 

Sea and its Living Wonders . . 14 

Subterranean World 14 

Troptcal World 14 

Hatherton's Memoir and Correspondence 2 
Hayward's Biogi-aphical and Critical 

Essays ; Second Series 4 

Hemsley's Handbook of Trees and Plants 14 

Herschel's Outlines of Astronomy 11 

Hewitt on Diseases of Women 15 

Hodgson's Theory of Practice 10 

Time and Space 10 

Holland's Recollections 5 

Holmes's System of Surgery 16 

Surgical Diseases of Infancy .... 16 



Howitt's Australian Discovery 

Rural Life of England 24 

Visits to Remarkable Places .... 24 

Htjbner's Memoir of Sixtus V 2 

Hughes's CW.) Manual of Geography .... 12 

Humboldt's Centenary Biography 4 

Hume's Essays lo 

Treatise on Human Nature 10 

Ihne's Roman History 2 

Ingelow's Poems 26 

James's Christian Counsels 20 

Jameson's Saints and Martyrs 18 

Legends of the Madonna 18 

Monastic Orders 18 

Jameson and Eastlake's Saviour 18 

Jamieson on Causality 10 

Jar dine 's Christian Sacerdotalism 30 

Johnston's Geographical Dictionary 12 

Kalisch's Commentary on the Bible 8 

Keith on Fulfilment of Prophecy 21 

Destiny of the World 21 

Kerl's Metallurgy 19 

KiRBY and Spenoe's Entomology 14 

Lang's Ballads and Lyrics 25 

Lanman's Japanese in America 23 

Latham's English Dictionary 7 

Laughton's Nautical Survejdng 11 

Laverack's Setter 27 

Lecry's History of European Morals 3 

Rationalism 3 

Leaders of Public Opinion 5 

Leisure Hours in Town, by A. K. H, B 9 

Lessons of Middle Age, by A. K. H.B 9 

Lewes' History of Philosophy 3 

LiDDELL and Scott's Two Lexicons 8 

Life of Man Symbolised 18 

LiNDLEY and Moore's Treasury of Botany 14 

Longman's Edward the Third 2 

Lectures on the History of Eng- 
land 2 

Chess Openings 28 

Loudon's Agriculture 19 

Gardening 19 

Plants 15 

Lubbock on Origin of Civilisation 13 

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